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| An archive of historical anniversaries that appeared on the Main Page 2010 day arrangement |
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- 1569 – The Union of Lublin was signed, merging the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- 1867 – The British North America Act came into effect, uniting the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into the Canadian Confederation.
- 1916 – World War I: The first day of the Battle of Albert (the explosion of the Hawthorn Ridge mine pictured), the opening phase of the Battle of the Somme, became the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army, with 57,470 casualties of which 19,240 were killed or died of wounds.
- 1997 – The United Kingdom transferred sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China, ending over 150 years of British colonial rule.
- 2002 – The Rome Statute entered into force, establishing the International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.
More anniversaries: June 30 – July 1 – July 2
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July 2: Feast day of Martinian and Processus (Roman Catholic Church)
- 626 – Forces led by Li Shimin, a son of Emperor Gaozu of Tang China, ambushed and killed his rival brothers Li Jiancheng, the Crown Prince, and Li Yuanji at the imperial palace in Chang'an.
- 1644 – The combined forces of the Scottish Covenanters and the English Parliamentarians defeated the Royalists at the Battle of Marston Moor, one of the decisive encounters of the English Civil War, near York.
- 1937 – Aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart (pictured) and navigator Fred Noonan disappeared over the Pacific Ocean during an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight.
- 1964 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, outlawing segregation in schools, public places, and employment by circumventing limitations imposed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases.
- 1997 – The Thai baht rapidly lost half of its value, marking the beginning of the Asian Financial Crisis.
More anniversaries: July 1 – July 2 – July 3
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July 3: Independence Day in Belarus
- 987 – Hugh Capet was crowned King of France, becoming the first monarch of the Capetian dynasty, which ruled France continuously until overthrown during the French Revolution in 1792.
- 1608 – French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City, considered to be the first European-built city in non-Spanish North America.
- 1778 – American Revolutionary War: Loyalists and Iroquois killed or tortured over 300 Patriots at the Battle of Wyoming in Pennsylvania.
- 1844 – The last known pair of Great Auks (illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans shown), the only species in the genus Pinguinus, were killed in Eldey off the coast of Iceland.
- 1863 – Pickett's Charge, a disastrous Confederate infantry assault against Union Army positions, occurred during the final and bloodiest day of fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg, marking a turning point in the American Civil War.
- 1988 – United States Navy warship USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard.
More anniversaries: July 2 – July 3 – July 4
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July 4: Independence Day in the United States (1776); Filipino-American Friendship Day in the Philippines; Aphelion (02:00 UTC, 2009)
- 1754 – French and Indian War: In the aftermath of losing the Battle of Fort Necessity near present-day Farmington, Pennsylvania, George Washington accepted the terms of what would become his only military surrender and peacefully withdrew his forces.
- 1862 – In a rowing boat travelling on the River Thames from Oxford to Godstow, author Lewis Carroll told Alice Liddell and her sisters a story that would eventually form the basis for his book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
- 1941 – German AB-Aktion operation in Poland: After capturing Lwów, the Nazis executed approximately 45 professors of the University of Lwów.
- 1976 – Israel Defense Forces raided Uganda's Entebbe International Airport to free hostages taken by hijackers on Air France Flight 139.
- 2005 – The NASA space probe Deep Impact impacted the nucleus of the comet Tempel 1 (pictured), excavating debris from its interior to study its composition.
More anniversaries: July 3 – July 4 – July 5
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July 5: Independence Day in Venezuela (1811), Algeria (1962) and Cape Verde (1975); Tynwald Day on the Isle of Man; Saints Cyril and Methodius Day in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
- 1687 – The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton (pictured) was first published, describing his laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation.
- 1946 – Named after Bikini Atoll, the site of the nuclear weapons test Operation Crossroads in the Marshall Islands, the modern bikini was introduced at a fashion show in Paris.
- 1950 – The Israeli Knesset enacted the Law of Return, granting Jews around the world the right to migrate to and settle in Israel and gain citizenship.
- 1996 – A cloned sheep named Dolly, the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell, was born at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland near Edinburgh.
- 2004 – Indonesia held its first direct presidential elections; Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono would later be elected president during the second round of the elections on September 20.
More anniversaries: July 4 – July 5 – July 6
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July 6: Independence Day in Malawi (1964) and in Comoros (1975); Statehood Day in Lithuania (1253); Jan Hus Day in the Czech Republic; the festival of San Fermín begins in Pamplona, Spain
- 1415 – The Council of Constance executed Jan Hus (pictured), founder of the Christian Hussite reform movement, for committing heresy.
- 1887 – King Kalākaua of Hawai'i was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution, stripping the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority as well as disfranchising all Asians, most native Hawaiians, and the poor.
- 1957 – At a concert by The Quarrymen at the St. Peter's Church Woolton Garden fête, band member John Lennon met Paul McCartney, triggering a series of events that led to the forming of The Beatles.
- 1966 – Hastings Banda became the first president of Malawi, exactly two years after the country was granted independence from the United Kingdom.
- 2006 – Nathu La, a mountain pass in the Himalayas connecting India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opened for trade after more than 40 years.
More anniversaries: July 5 – July 6 – July 7
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July 7: Independence Day in the Solomon Islands (1978); Tanabata in Japan; Ivan Kupala Day in Russia and Ukraine
- 1585 – The Treaty of Nemours was first signed, forcing Henry III of France (pictured) to give in to the demands of the Catholic League and revoking all edicts granting concessions to the Huguenots.
- 1798 – The Quasi-War, an undeclared war fought entirely at sea, began after the United States rescinded their treaties with France.
- 1807 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France signed the first agreement of the Treaties of Tilsit, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition.
- 1928 – The Chillicothe Baking Company in Chillicothe, Missouri, USA, first produced sliced bread, advertised as "the greatest forward step in the baking industry since bread was wrapped", which then led to the popular phrase "the greatest thing since sliced bread".
- 1963 – Buddhist crisis: The police of Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother and chief political advisor of President of South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem, attacked a group of American journalists who were covering a protest during Buddhist crisis.
- 1937 – The Imperial Japanese Army defeated the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army on Beijing's Marco Polo Bridge, marking the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
More anniversaries: July 6 – July 7 – July 8
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July 8: Feast day of Saint Kilian and Saint Procopius (Roman Catholic Church)
- 1579 – Our Lady of Kazan (pictured), a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, was discovered underground in Kazan, present-day Tatarstan, Russia.
- 1709 – Great Northern War: Peter I of Russia defeated Charles XII of Sweden in Poltava, Ukraine, effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.
- 1859 – Charles XV became King of Sweden and Norway following the death of his father Oscar I.
- 1947 – After various news agencies reported the capture of a "flying disc" by U.S. Air Force personnel from the Roswell Army Air Field in Roswell, New Mexico, the U.S. Military issued another press release maintaining that what was actually recovered was debris from an experimental high-altitude surveillance weather balloon.
- 2004 – After a 19-month trial, U.S. Marine Corps Major Michael Brown was convicted by a court in Naha, Okinawa for an attempted indecent assault on a Filipina bartender.
More anniversaries: July 7 – July 8 – July 9
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July 9: Seventeenth of Tammuz (Judaism, 2009); Independence Day in Argentina
- 1789 – French Revolution: The National Constituent Assembly was formed from the National Assembly, and began to function as a governing body and a drafter for a new constitution.
- 1868 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, including the Citizenship Clause, the Equal Protection Clause and the Privileges or Immunities Clause among others, was ratified by the minimum required twenty-eight U.S. states.
- 1944 – World War II: American forces defeated Japanese forces on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands.
- 1955 – The Russell-Einstein Manifesto, signed by Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell (pictured) and nine other preeminent intellectuals and scientists, was issued during a press conference in London in the midst of the Cold War, calling for a conference where scientists would assess the dangers posed to the survival of humanity by weapons of mass destruction.
- 1999 – Six days of student protests began after Iranian police attacked a University of Tehran dormitory following a peaceful student demonstration against the closure of the reformist newspaper Salam.
More anniversaries: July 8 – July 9 – July 10
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July 10: Independence Day in the Bahamas (1973); Silence Day
- 1553 – Four days after the death of her predecessor, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey (pictured) was officially proclaimed Queen of England, beginning her reign as "The Nine Days' Queen".
- 1796 – German mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss discovered that every positive integer is representable as a sum of at most three triangular numbers.
- 1800 – Lord Wellesley, Governor-General of the British Raj, founded Fort William College in Fort William, India, to promote Bengali, Hindi and other vernaculars of the subcontinent.
- 1941 – The Holocaust: Approximately 40 non-Jewish ethnic Poles from around the nearby area murdered hundreds of Jewish residents of Jedwabne in occupied Poland.
- 1976 – An industrial accident in a chemical manufacturing plant near Milan, Italy, resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in residential populations, which gave rise to numerous scientific studies and standardized industrial safety regulations.
More anniversaries: July 9 – July 10 – July 11
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July 11: Naadam in Mongolia begins; Day of the Flemish Community of Belgium
- 1789 – French Revolution: Jacques Necker (pictured) was dismissed as Director-General of Finances of France, sparking public demonstrations in Paris that led to the Storming of the Bastille three days later.
- 1804 – U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr mortally wounded former U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton during a duel in Weehawken, New Jersey.
- 1921 – The Irish War of Independence ended with a truce between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Irish Republican Army, resulting in negotiations that eventually led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the establishment of the Irish Free State.
- 1943 – In a massive ethnic cleansing operation, units of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army attacked various Polish villages in the Volhynia region of present-day Ukraine, killing the Polish civilians and burning those settlements to the ground.
- 1960 – American author Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird, featuring themes of racial injustice and the destruction of innocence in the American Deep South, was first published.
More anniversaries: July 10 – July 11 – July 12
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July 12: National Day of Commemoration in Ireland (2009); The Twelfth in Northern Ireland
- 1543 – King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Parr (pictured), his sixth and last wife, at Hampton Court Palace.
- 1790 – The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed, a law that subordinated the Roman Catholic Church in France to the French government.
- 1862 – The Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, was first authorized by the U.S. Congress.
- 1943 – World War II: Nazi German and Soviet forces engaged each other at the Battle of Prokhorovka, one of the largest tank battles in military history.
- 1979 – The Gilbert Islands gained independence from the United Kingdom and became known as Kiribati.
- 2006 – Hezbollah forces crossed the Israel–Lebanon border and attacked Israeli military positions while firing rockets and mortars at Israeli towns, sparking the July War.
More anniversaries: July 11 – July 12 – July 13
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- 1643 – English Civil War: Royalists defeated the Parliamentarians at the Battle of Roundway Down near Devizes in central Wiltshire.
- 1772 – Under the command of explorer James Cook, HMS Resolution set sail from Plymouth, England.
- 1863 – Three days of rioting began (pictured) in New York City by opponents of new laws passed by the United States Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War.
- 1985 – Live Aid rock music concerts, organised by singers Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia, were held at Wembley Stadium in London and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia.
- 1995 – Bosnian Genocide: The Army of Republika Srpska under Ratko Mladić began the Srebrenica massacre in the region of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, eventually killing an estimated total of 8,000 Bosniaks.
More anniversaries: July 12 – July 13 – July 14
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July 14: Bastille Day in France (1789)
- 1698 – The Darien scheme began with five ships departing Leith to establish a Scottish colony on the Isthmus of Panama.
- 1791 – The Priestley Riots began, in which Joseph Priestley and other religious Dissenters were driven out of Birmingham, England.
- 1969 – Political conflicts between El Salvador and Honduras erupted into the four-day Football War, so-named because it coincided with the inflamed rioting during the second CONCACAF qualifying round for the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
- 2002 – After being treated for medical conditions, the orca Springer (pictured) was released into the Johnstone Strait off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, becoming the first whale in history to be re-integrated into a wild pod after human intervention.
- 2003 – The U.S. Government admitted the existence of Area 51, the secretive military airfield in Nevada that has become a focus of various UFO and conspiracy theories, conceding that the U.S. Air Force does have an "operating location" there.
More anniversaries: July 13 – July 14 – July 15
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July 15: Festino of Saint Rosalia in Palermo, Italy
- 1240 – Swedish-Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeated the Swedes on the Neva River near Ust-Izhora, present-day Russia.
- 1685 – James Scott, Duke of Monmouth (pictured), was executed for his role in the Monmouth Rebellion, an attempt to overthrow King James II of England.
- 1823 – A fire, accidentally started by a workman who was repairing the lead of the roof, destroyed the ancient Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. The church was restored by 1840.
- 1888 – The volcano Mount Bandai erupted, killing at least 470 people in the Fukushima Prefecture of Japan.
- 1974 – Greek-sponsored nationalists overthrew Makarios III, President of Cyprus, in a coup d'état and replaced him with Nikos Sampson.
- 1997 – Serial killer Andrew Phillip Cunanan gunned down fashion designer Gianni Versace outside his home in Miami, Florida.
More anniversaries: July 14 – July 15 – July 16
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July 16: Feast Day of Saint Helier (Roman Catholic Church)
- 622 – The epoch of the Islamic calendar occurred, marking the year that Muhammad began his Hijra from Mecca to Medina.
- 1769 – Spanish friar Junípero Serra founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá (pictured today), the first Franciscan mission in the Alta California region of New Spain.
- 1945 – Manhattan Project: "Trinity", the first nuclear test explosion, was detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States.
- 1994 – Fragments of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet began hitting the planet Jupiter, with the first one causing a fireball which reached a peak temperature of about 24,000 K.
- 1999 – John F. Kennedy Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette were killed in a plane crash off the coast of Martha's Vineyard.
- 2004 – Chicago's Millennium Park, currently the world's largest rooftop garden, opened.
More anniversaries: July 15 – July 16 – July 17
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July 17: Yama-boko Junkō in Kyoto, Japan; Constitution Day in South Korea
- 1936 – Nationalist rebels attempted a coup d'état against the Second Spanish Republic, sparking the Spanish Civil War.
- 1955 – Disneyland (Sleeping Beauty Castle pictured) in Anaheim, California, the only theme park to be designed, built, and operated by Walt Disney, opened during a televised ceremony.
- 1973 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan, was ousted in a coup by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy undergoing eye surgery.
- 1998 – Biologists reported in the scientific journal Science how they sequenced the genome of Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis.
- 2007 – TAM Airlines Flight 3054 crashed upon landing during rain at the Congonhas-São Paulo Airport in São Paulo, Brazil, killing 199 people, the highest death toll of any aviation accident in Latin America and the highest death toll of any accident involving an Airbus A320 airliner in the world.
More anniversaries: July 16 – July 17 – July 18
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July 18: Constitution Day in Uruguay (1830)
- 64 – The Great Fire of Rome started among the shops around the Circus Maximus, eventually destroying three of fourteen Roman districts and severely damaging seven others.
- 1863 – American Civil War: Led by Union Army Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the first formal African American military unit, spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina (pictured).
- 1969 – After a party on Chappaquiddick Island in Massachusetts, United States Senator Ted Kennedy drove his car off a wooden bridge into a tidal channel, killing his passenger Mary Jo Kopechne, a former campaign worker.
- 1982 – Guatemalan military forces and their paramilitary allies slaughtered over 250 Mayans in the village of Plan de Sánchez, Baja Verapaz.
- 1989 – American actress Rebecca Schaeffer was shot and killed by stalker Robert John Bardo, eventually prompting the passage of anti-stalking laws in California.
More anniversaries: July 17 – July 18 – July 19
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- 711 – According to estimations made by historian David Levering Lewis, Muslim Arabs and Berbers led by Tariq ibn Ziyad defeated Roderic and the Visigoths at the Battle of Guadalete on this date.
- 1848 – The two-day Women's Rights Convention, the first women's rights and feminist convention held in the United States, opened in Seneca Falls, New York.
- 1870 – A dispute over who would become the next Spanish monarch following the deposition of Isabella II (pictured) during the 1868 Glorious Revolution led France to declare war on Prussia.
- 1916 – World War I: Australian forces engaged the Germans at the Battle of Fromelles in France, described as "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history" since 5,533 Australian soldiers were eventually killed, wounded or taken prisoner in the failed operation.
- 1947 – Burmese nationalist Aung San and six members of his newly formed cabinet were assassinated during a cabinet meeting.
More anniversaries: July 18 – July 19 – July 20
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July 20: Marine Day in Japan (2009); Friends' Day in Argentina and other Latin American countries; Independence Day in Colombia
- 1656 – Led by King Charles X Gustav, the armies of Sweden and Brandenburg defeated the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth near Warsaw.
- 1927 – Five-year-old Michael I became King of Romania upon the death of his grandfather Ferdinand I.
- 1944 – Adolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt by German Resistance member Claus von Stauffenberg, who hid a bomb inside a briefcase during a conference at the Wolfsschanze military headquarters in East Prussia.
- 1951 – Abdullah I of Jordan was assassinated by a Palestinian from the Husseini clan while visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
- 1969 – The Apollo 11 lunar module landed on the Sea of Tranquillity, where Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (pictured) became the first men to walk on the moon six-and-a-half hours later.
More anniversaries: July 19 – July 20 – July 21
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- 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was destroyed in an act of arson by a man named Herostratus.
- 1831 – In Brussels, Leopold I (pictured) was inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians.
- 1925 – Creation–evolution controversy: High school biology teacher John T. Scopes was found guilty of violating Tennessee's Butler Act by teaching evolution in class.
- 1944 – World War II: American troops landed on Guam to liberate it from Japanese control.
- 1964 – Race riots began in Padang, Singapore, then part of Malaysia, during a Malay procession marking Muhammad's birthday, leaving 23 people killed, 450 people injured, significant damage to property and vehicles, and a government imposed 11-day curfew.
More anniversaries: July 20 – July 21 – July 22
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July 22: Total solar eclipse visible from a narrow corridor from India to the Pacific Ocean (00:51–04:19 UTC, 2009); Pi Approximation Day; Feast day of Mary Magdalene
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- 1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon was elected the first Protector of the Holy Sepulchre in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- 1793 – Two days after becoming the first recorded European to complete a transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico, Scottish-Canadian explorer Alexander MacKenzie (pictured) reached the westernmost point of his journey and inscribed his name on a rock.
- 1802 – Nguyen Phuc Anh conquered Hanoi, unified Vietnam and started the Nguyen Dynasty, ruling as its emperor Gia Long.
- 1812 – Peninsular War: An Anglo-Portuguese force led by Arthur Wellesley inflicted a severe defeat on Marshal Auguste de Marmont and his French troops near Salamanca, Spain.
- 1864 – American Civil War: Confederate forces unsuccessfully attacked Union troops at the Battle of Atlanta.
- 1944 – In opposition to the Polish government-in-exile, the Polish Committee of National Liberation published its manifesto, calling for radical reforms, a continuation of fighting in World War II against Nazi Germany, nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West".
More anniversaries: July 21 – July 22 – July 23
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July 23: Revolution Day in Egypt (1952)
- 1793 – After a siege of 18 weeks, French troops in Mainz surrendered to Prussian forces, effectively ending the Republic of Mainz, the first democratic state on the current German territory.
- 1881 – The International Federation of Gymnastics, the world's oldest international sport federation, was founded in Liège, Belgium.
- 1983 – Air Canada Flight 143 crash-landed in Gimli, Manitoba, Canada, without loss of life after the crew was forced to glide the aircraft when it completely ran out of fuel.
- 1984 – Vanessa Williams resigned as Miss America in scandal after Penthouse magazine published nude photos of her that were taken two years prior.
- 1995 – Hale-Bopp (pictured), one of the most widely observed comets of the twentieth century, was discovered by two independent observers, Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, at a great distance from the Sun.
More anniversaries: July 22 – July 23 – July 24
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July 24: Simón Bolívar Day in Ecuador and Venezuela; Pioneer Day in Utah (1847)
- 1411 – Forces of Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles fought an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar at the Battle of Harlaw near Inverurie in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
- 1567 – Mary Queen of Scots (pictured) was forced to abdicate the Scottish throne and was replaced by her one-year-old son James.
- 1967 – During a speech in Montreal, French President Charles de Gaulle declared "Long live free Quebec!", a statement that was interpreted as support for Quebec independence from Canada.
- 1977 – The Libyan–Egyptian War, a short border war between Libya and Egypt over political conflicts, ended after the combatants agreed to a ceasefire organized by Algeria.
- 2001 – Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Tsar of Bulgaria when he was a child, was sworn in as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, becoming one of the first monarchs in history to regain political power through a democratic election to a different office.
More anniversaries: July 23 – July 24 – July 25
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July 25: Galicia Day in Galicia, Spain; Commonwealth Constitution Day in Puerto Rico (1952)
- 306 – Constantine I (statue pictured) was proclaimed Roman Emperor by his troops after the death of Constantius Chlorus.
- 1536 – Spanish conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali in present-day western Colombia while on his search for the mythical city of El Dorado.
- 1567 – Caracas, today the capital and largest city of Venezuela, was founded as Santiago de Leon de Caracas by Spanish explorer Diego de Losada.
- 1792 – French Revolutionary Wars: Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick issued the Brunswick Manifesto to the population of Paris, promising vengeance if King Louis XVI and other members of the French Royal Family were harmed.
- 1909 – French aviator Louis Blériot crossed the English Channel in a heavier-than-air flying machine, flying from near Calais, France, to Dover, England.
- 1978 – Two Puerto Rican pro-independence activists were killed by police at Cerro Maravilla in Villalba, Puerto Rico, sparking a series of political controversies where the police officers were eventually convicted of murder and several high-ranking local government officials were accused of covering up the incident.
More anniversaries: July 24 – July 25 – July 26
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July 26: Parents' Day in the United States (2009); Independence Day in Liberia (1847) and Maldives (1965)
- 811 – Bulgarian forces led by Khan Krum defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Pliska, annihilating almost the whole army and killing Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I.
- 1822 – José de San Martín met with Simón Bolívar in Guayaquil to plan for the future of Peru and South America in general.
- 1882 – Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal (pictured) premiered at the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, Germany.
- 1908 – Unable to use the services of U.S. Secret Service agents as investigators because of a federal law, U.S. Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte established what is now known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation to organize his own staff of special agents.
- 1963 – A 6.1 Mw earthquake struck Skopje, SR Macedonia, killing over 1,000 people, injuring over 3,000 more, and leaving between 120,000 to 200,000 people homeless.
- 1999 – Kashmir conflict: Fighting in the Kargil War ended after Indian troops cleared the Drass subsector of Pakistani forces.
More anniversaries: July 25 – July 26 – July 27
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July 27: José Celso Barbosa Day in Puerto Rico
- 1794 – The National Convention ordered the arrest and execution of Reign of Terror leader Maximilien Robespierre after he encouraged the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the French Revolution."
- 1865 – A group of Welsh settlers arrived at Chubut Valley in Argentina's Patagonia region.
- 1949 – The de Havilland Comet, the world's first commercial jet airliner to reach production, made its maiden flight.
- 1953 – An armistice was signed to end hostilities in the Korean War, officially making the Division of Korea indefinite by creating an approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) wide demilitarized zone running across the Korean Peninsula. (Joint Security Area pictured)
- 1996 – A pipe bomb exploded during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, killing two people and injuring 111 others.
- 2002 – A Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 aircraft crashed during an aerobatics presentation at an airshow near Lviv, Ukraine, killing 84 people and injuring over 100 others.
More anniversaries: July 26 – July 27 – July 28
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July 28: Independence Day in Peru (1821)
- 1809 – Peninsular War: French forces under Joseph Bonaparte suffered 7,270 casualties while Sir Arthur Wellesley's Anglo-Spanish army had 6,700 at an inconclusive battle in Talavera, Spain.
- 1942 – World War II: Intending to increase Soviet morale and patriotism, Joseph Stalin (pictured) issued Order No. 227, ordering troops "Not a step back!" (not to retreat) without an order or be subject to a military tribunal.
- 1976 – An earthquake measuring at least 8.2 on the Richter magnitude scale, one of the deadliest in history, flattened Tangshan, China, killing at least 240,000 people.
- 1990 – Alberto Fujimori took office as President of Peru, becoming the first person of Japanese descent to be the head of government of a Latin American nation.
- 1996 – The remains of the prehistoric Kennewick Man were discovered on a bank of the Columbia River near Kennewick, Washington, USA.
- 2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced an end to its armed campaign to overthrow British rule in Northern Ireland to create a United Ireland.
More anniversaries: July 27 – July 28 – July 29
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July 29: Ólavsøka in the Faroe Islands; National Anthem Day in Romania
- 1014 – Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Forces of the Byzantine Empire defeated troops of the Bulgarian Empire at the Battle of Kleidion in the Belasica Mountains near present-day Klyuch, Bulgaria.
- 1858 – Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, an Unequal Treaty giving the United States various commercial and diplomatic privileges.
- 1947 – ENIAC (pictured), the world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer, was turned on in its new home at the Ballistic Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, remaining in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.
- 1958 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing a new federal non-military space agency known as NASA.
- 1981 – A worldwide television audience of over 700 million people watched Charles, Prince of Wales, marry Diana Spencer at St Paul's Cathedral in London.
More anniversaries: July 28 – July 29 – July 30
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July 30: Tisha B'Av (Judaism, 2009); Independence Day in Vanuatu
- 1756 – Architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli presented the Catherine Palace, a Rococo palace in Tsarskoye Selo, to Empress Elizabeth of Russia.
- 1825 – Malden Island (pictured), now one of Kiribati's Line Islands, was discovered.
- 1864 – American Civil War: Union forces failed to break Confederate lines by exploding a large mine under their trenches at the Battle of the Crater in Petersburg, Virginia.
- 1930 – Uruguay defeated Argentina, 4–2, in front of their home crowd at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo to win the first Football World Cup.
- 1965 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Social Security Act into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid to provide federal health insurance for the elderly and for low income families, respectively.
- 2006 – Lebanon War: The Israeli Air Force attacked a three-story building near the South Lebanese village of Qana, killing at least 28 civilians, including 16 children.
More anniversaries: July 29 – July 30 – July 31
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July 31: Ka Hae Hawai'i Day (Flag Day) in Hawaii; Feast day of Saint Ignatius of Loyola
- 1667 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War between England and the United Provinces ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breda in the Dutch city of Breda.
- 1703 – English writer Daniel Defoe was placed in a pillory for seditious libel after publishing a pamphlet politically satirising the High Church Tories.
- 1941 – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to settle "the final solution of the Jewish question".
- 1999 – NASA's Lunar Prospector (artist's impression pictured) was deliberately crashed into the Shoemaker crater near the moon's south pole in an unsuccessful attempt to detect the presence of water.
- 2006 – Following intestinal surgery, Fidel Castro provisionally transferred the duties of the Cuban presidency to his brother Raúl.
- 2007 – The Troubles: Operation Banner, the name for the British armed forces' operation in Northern Ireland, ended after 38 years with a military stalemate and ceasefire.
More anniversaries: July 30 – July 31 – August 1
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