Wikipedia

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In recent years there have been numerous academic studies about Wikipedia in peer-reviewed publications. This research can be grouped into two categories. The first analyzed the production and reliability of the encyclopedia content, while the second investigated social aspects, such as usage and administration.

Academic studies of Wikipedia

In recent years there have been numerous academic studies about Wikipedia in peer-reviewed publications. This research can be grouped into two categories. The first analyzed the production and reliability of the encyclopedia content, while the second investigated social aspects, such as usage and administration.

Accountability

Accountability is a concept in ethics and governance with several meanings. It is often used synonymously with such concepts as responsibility,^[1] answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and other terms associated with the expectation of account-giving. As an aspect of governance, it has been central to discussions related to problems in the public sector, nonprofit and private (corporate) worlds. In leadership roles, accountability is the acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies including the administration, governance, and implementation within the scope of the role or employment position and encompassing the obligation to report, explain and be answerable for resulting consequences.

Achilles' heel

An Achilles’ heel is a fatal weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.

Adobe Flash

Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform originally acquired by Macromedia and currently developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. Since its introduction in 1996, Flash has become a popular method for adding animation and interactivity to web pages. Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, and various web page Flash components, to integrate video into web pages, and more recently, to develop rich Internet applications.

Advertising

Product • Pricing • Promotion
Distribution • Service • Retail
Brand management
Account-based marketing
Marketing ethics
Marketing effectiveness
Market research
Market segmentation
Marketing strategy
Marketing management
Market dominance

Afrikaans Wikipedia

The Afrikaans Wikipedia (Afrikaans: Afrikaanse Wikipedia) is an Afrikaans language edition of the Web-based free-content encyclopedia Wikipedia. The project was started on November 16, 2001, and was the 11th Wikipedia to be created.^[1] As of 13 May 2009, this edition has over 12,000 articles^[2] and is the 79th largest Wikipedia by number of articles. Aside from South Africans, this Wikipedia is also used and edited by people from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Belgium, Namibia, Germany and some from Scandinavia.^[3]

Albanian Wikipedia

Albanian Wikipedia (Wikipedia shqip) is the Albanian language edition of Wikipedia started in October 12, 2003. As of April 22, 2008 the Wikipedia has over 20,000 articles^[1][2] and is the 52nd largest wikipedia.^[1]

American Library Association

The American Library Association (ALA) is a non-profit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world,^[3] with more than 65,000 members.^[4]

Amsterdam

Amsterdam (pronounced /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch [ɑmstərˈdɑm] (help·info)) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The city, which had a population (including suburbs) of 1.36 million on 1 January 2008, comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of around 6.7 million.

Android (operating system)

Android is a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel. It was initially developed by Android Inc., a firm later purchased by Google, and lately by the Open Handset Alliance.^[3] It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.^[4]

Angela Beesley Starling

Angela Beesley Starling (born August 3, 1977, in Norwich, England)^[2] is a British Internet entrepreneur.^[3] She is a co-founder of Wikia and its vice president for community relations.^[4][5] Involved in Wikipedia since 2003, Beesley was elected to the Board of Trustees of the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation in 2004, and re-elected in 2005.^[6][7] During this time, she was active in editing content and setting policy, such as privacy policy, within the Foundation.^[8] She resigned from the board in July 2006.^[9][10]

Apache HTTP Server

The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache (pronounced /əˈpætʃiː/), is web server software notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web.^[2] In 2009 it became the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site milestone.^[3] Apache was the first viable alternative to the Netscape Communications Corporation web server (currently known as Sun Java System Web Server), and has since evolved to rival other Unix-based web servers in terms of functionality and performance. The majority of web servers using Apache run the Linux operating system.^[4]

Arabic Wikipedia

The Arabic Wikipedia (Arabic: ويكيبيديا العربية‎ Wīkībīdyā al-ʿArabiyya or ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة Wīkībīdyā, al-Mawsūʿa al-Ḥurra) is the Arabic language version of Wikipedia. It started on July 9, 2003. As of December 2009, it has over 117,700 articles, 616,000 pages, 249,000 registered users and 6,700 files. The Arabic Wikipedia is currently the 25th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and is the first Semitic language to exceed 100,000 articles.^[1]

Association for Computing Machinery

The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, is a learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. Its membership is more than 92,000 as of 2009. Its headquarters are in New York City.

Asturian Wikipedia

The Asturian Wikipedia (Uiquipedia n'asturianu) is the Asturian language edition of Wikipedia ^[1] started in July 2004. As of December 14, 2009, the Asturian Wikipedia has 12,567 articles, making it the 82nd-largest Wikipedia. It also has 6694 registered users, of which six are administrators. It has been edited about 404,104 times.

Austria

Austria /ˈɔːstriə/ (help·info) (German: Österreich (help·info)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people^[3] in Central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,872 square kilometres (32,383 sq mi), and is influenced by a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,797 metres (12,457 ft).^[6] The majority of the population speaks German,^[7] which is also the country's official language.^[1] Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.^[6]

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually referred to by its abbreviation as the "BBC",^[1] is the longest established and largest broadcaster in the world.^[2] The BBC is a publicly owned corporation that operates under a Royal Charter issued by the British Crown and its operations are overseen by twelve Governors who are appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Government.^[3] It is funded principally by an annual television licence fee, which is charged to all United Kingdom households, companies and organisations using equipment capable of recording and/or receiving live television broadcasts ^[4]; the level of the fee is set by the UK Government and agreed by the UK Parliament under a multi-year agreement with the Corporation.

BBC Domesday Project

The BBC Domesday Project was a partnership between Acorn Computers Ltd, Philips, Logica and the BBC (with some funding from the European Commission's ESPRIT programme) to mark the 900th anniversary of the original Domesday Book, an 11th century census of England. It is frequently cited as an example of digital obsolescence on account of the physical medium used for data storage.

BBC News

BBC News is the department of the BBC responsible for news and current affairs output. The world's largest broadcast news organisation,^[1] it generates each day about 120 hours of radio and television, as well as online news coverage.^[2] The service maintains 44 foreign news bureaux and has correspondents in almost all the world's 240 countries.

Baidu Baike

Baidu Baike (Chinese: 百度百科; pinyin: Bǎidù Bǎikē; translation: Baidu Encyclopedia) is a Chinese language collaborative Web-based encyclopedia provided by the Chinese search engine Baidu. As of July 2009, Baidu Baike has more than 1.7 million articles.

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/  ( listen); born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.

Basque Wikipedia

The Basque Wikipedia (Euskarazko Wikipedia^[1] in Basque) is the Basque language edition of Wikipedia. Founded on 6 December 2001^[2] (although its main page was created in November 2003) and reaching 44,529 articles by October 9, 2009, making it the 46th-largest Wikipedia^[3]. It also has about 12.000 registered users, of which eight are administrators. It has been edited more than 1.232.044 times and it has more than 101.557 pages^[4][5][6].

Belarusian Wikipedia

There are two Belarusian Encyclopedias: one in the orthography of the Belarusian language which is official, normative in modern Belarus (narkomovka, prefix be:) ^[1], and another one the pre-reform, classical, orthography (Taraškievica, prefix be-x-old:)^[2].

Bengali Wikipedia

The Bengali Wikipedia (Bengali: বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া) is the Bengali language version of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. As of November 13, 2009, it has over 20,500 articles and is the 67th largest Wikipedia by article count. Like Hindi Wikipedia, it has a phonetic Latin alphabet to Bengali script tool so Latin alphabet keyboards can be used to type Bengali without downloading any software.^[1]

Berkman Center for Internet & Society

The Berkman Center for Internet & Society is a research center at Harvard University that focuses on the study of cyberspace. Founded at Harvard Law School, the center traditionally focused on internet-related legal issues, but as of May 15, 2008 the Center was elevated to an interfaculty initiative of Harvard University as a whole.^[1]

Blocking of Wikipedia by the People's Republic of China

On several occasions, the government and Internet service providers of the People's Republic of China (PRC) have blocked access to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia due to strict censorship laws enacted by the PRC.

Blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China

On several occasions, the government and Internet service providers of the People's Republic of China (PRC) have blocked access to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia due to strict censorship laws enacted by the PRC.

Blog

News • Writing style • Ethics • Objectivity • Values • Attribution • Defamation • Editorial independence • Education • Other topics

Bomis

Bomis (pronounced /ˈbɒmɨs/ to rhyme with "promise")^[1] is a dot-com company founded in 1996. Its primary business is the sale of advertising on the Bomis.com search portal. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and Tim Shell, and provided support for the free encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Wikipedia. As of 2006, Tim Shell is the CEO of Bomis.

Boris Tadić

Boris Tadić (Serbian Cyrillic: Борис Тадић; born January 15, 1958) is a Serbian politician and the current President of Serbia. A psychologist by profession, he is a leader of the Democratic Party. Tadić was elected to a five-year term on June 27, 2004, and was sworn into office on July 11, 2004. He was re-elected for a de facto^[1] second five-year term on February 3, 2008 and was sworn in on February 15. Prior to Presidency, Tadić served as the Minister of Telecommunications of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and as the Minister of Defence of Serbia and Montenegro.

British Broadcasting Corporation

The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually referred to by its abbreviation as the "BBC",^[1] is the longest established and largest broadcaster in the world.^[2] The BBC is a publicly owned corporation that operates under a Royal Charter issued by the British Crown and its operations are overseen by twelve Governors who are appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Government.^[3] It is funded principally by an annual television licence fee, which is charged to all United Kingdom households, companies and organisations using equipment capable of recording and/or receiving live television broadcasts ^[4]; the level of the fee is set by the UK Government and agreed by the UK Parliament under a multi-year agreement with the Corporation.

British Comedy Guide

The British Comedy Guide or BCG is a British website covering all forms of British comedy, across all media.^[1] At the time of writing, the BCG has over 700 guides to various different comedy programmes - primarily TV and radio situation comedy, sketch shows, comedy dramas, satire, variety and panel games. Other notable features on the BCG include a news section, a message board, star interviews, a series of comment and opinion articles, a searchable merchandise database, and a section offering advice to aspiring comedy writers. The website also runs The Comedy.co.uk Awards.

CEO

A chief executive officer (CEO) or chief executive is one of the highest-ranking corporate officers (executives) or administrators in charge of total management. An individual selected as president and CEO of a corporation, company, organization, or agency, reports to the board of directors.

CHI (conference)

The ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) series of academic conferences is generally considered the most prestigious in the field of human-computer interaction. It is hosted by ACM SIGCHI, the Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction. CHI has been held annually since 1982 and attracts thousands of international attendees. CHI 2010 will be held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Cabal

A cabal is a number of people together in some close design, usually to promote their private views and interests in a church, state, or other community, often by intrigue. Cabals are sometimes secret societies composed of a few designing persons, and at other times are manifestations of emergent behavior in society or governance on the part of a community of persons who have well established public affiliation or kinship. The term can also be used to refer to the designs of such persons or to the practical consequences of their emergent behavior, and also holds a general meaning of intrigue and conspiracy. Its usage carries strong connotations of shadowy corners, back rooms and insidious influence; a cabal is more evil and selective than, say, a faction, which is simply selfish; because of this negative connotation, few organizations use the term to refer to themselves or their internal subdivisions. Amongst the exceptions is Discordianism, in which the term is used to refer to an identifiable group within the Discordian religion

CamelCase

CamelCase (also spelled camel case or camel-case) or medial capitals^[1] is the practice of writing compound words or phrases in which the elements are joined without spaces, with each element's initial letter capitalized within the compound, and the first letter is either upper or lower case — as in "LaBelle", "BackColor", "McDonald's", or "iPod". The name comes from the uppercase "bumps" in the middle of the compound word, suggestive of the humps of a camel. The practice is known by many other names.

Catalan Wikipedia

The Catalan Wikipedia (Viquipèdia in Catalan) is the Catalan language edition of Wikipedia. Founded on 16 March 2001 and reaching 200,000 articles by September 2009, it was created just a few minutes after the first non-English Wikipedia, the German version. Despite being created after the German Wikipedia, for about two months it was the only non-English Wikipedia that contained articles.^[1] As of mid-2008, the Catalan Wikipedia is by far the largest edition in a regional language.^[2]

Cf.

cf. is an abbreviation for the Latin word confer, meaning "compare" or "consult", and is hence used to refer to other material or ideas which may provide different information or arguments. It is mainly used in scholarly or educated contexts, such as in academic (mainly humanities) or legal texts.

Chinese Wikipedia

The Chinese Wikipedia (Chinese: 中文維基百科/中文维基百科 wéijī bǎikē) is the Chinese language edition of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. Started in October 2002, the Chinese Wikipedia has over 270,000 articles as of September 2009. It has 87 administrators, including 29 from mainland China, 18 from Taiwan, and 15 from Hong Kong.

Citizendium

Citizendium ("the citizens' compendium of everything"; pronounced /ˌsɪtɪˈzɛndiəm/, SI-tə-ZEN-dee-əm) is an English-language wiki-based free encyclopedia project led by Larry Sanger, who co-founded the encyclopedia Wikipedia in 2001.^[2][3]

Civil Marriage Act

The Civil Marriage Act (full title: "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes") was legislation legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada. It was introduced as Bill C-38 in the first session of the 38th Canadian Parliament on February 1, 2005. It passed the House of Commons on June 28, 2005, and the Senate on July 19, 2005. The Act became law when it received Royal Assent on July 20, 2005. As usual for federal legislation in Canada, the Act also includes a French text of equal force to the English under the title Loi sur le mariage civil, or in full, Loi concernant certaines conditions de fond du mariage civil. Prior to the passage of the Act, the opposite-sex common-law definition of marriage had already been struck down by courts in eight provinces and the Yukon Territory.

Clay Shirky

Clay Shirky (born 1964^[1]) is an American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies. He teaches New Media as an adjunct professor at New York University's (NYU) graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP). His courses address, among other things, the interrelated effects of the topology of social networks and technological networks, how our networks shape culture and vice-versa.^[2]

Cluster (computing)

A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so that in many respects they form a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to each other through fast local area networks. Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that of a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability.^[1]

Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines internationally. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries.^[1] It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1944) or (in European and American countries) as cola or pop.^[2] Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century.

ComScore

comScore (NASDAQ: SCOR) is an internet marketing research company providing marketing data and services to many of the Internet's largest businesses.^[1] comScore tracks all internet data on its surveyed computers in order to study online behavior.

Communications of the ACM

Communications of the ACM (CACM) is the flagship monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). First published in 1957, CACM is sent to all ACM members, currently numbering about 80,000. The articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems management. The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals.

Consensus

Consensus is defined in English as, firstly, general agreement and, secondly, group solidarity of belief or sentiment. It has its origin in a Latin word meaning literally to feel together.^[1]

Conservapedia

Conservapedia is an English-language wiki-based Web encyclopedia project written from an American Christian conservative point of view.^[3] It was started in 2006 by lawyer and social studies teacher Andy Schlafly, son of conservative activist and Eagle Forum founder Phyllis Schlafly.^[4][5] He stated that he founded the project because he felt that Wikipedia has a liberal bias.^[6]

Copyleft

Copyleft is a play on the word copyright to describe the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of a work for others and requiring that the same freedoms be preserved in modified versions.

Copyright

Copyright is a form of intellectual property that gives the author of an original work exclusive right for a certain time period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation, after which time the work is said to enter the public domain. Copyright applies to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete and fixed in a medium. Some jurisdictions also recognize "moral rights" of the creator of a work, such as the right to be credited for the work. Copyright is described under the umbrella term intellectual property along with patents and trademarks.

Creative Commons

Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share.^[1] The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses for free to the public. These licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. Wikipedia is one of the notable web-based projects using one of its licenses.

Credential

A credential is an attestation of qualification, competence, or authority issued to an individual by a third party with a relevant de jure or de facto authority or assumed competence to do so.

Criticism of Wikipedia

The major points of criticism of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, are the claims that the principle of being open for editing by everyone makes Wikipedia unauthoritative and unreliable (see Reliability of Wikipedia), that it exhibits systemic bias, and that its group dynamics hinder its goals.

Croatian Wikipedia

The Croatian Wikipedia (Croatian: Wikipedija na hrvatskom jeziku) is the Croatian version of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, started on February 16, 2003.^[1] This version has more than 70,000 articles as of October 2009^[update],^[1] making it the 35th largest edition of Wikipedia.^[2]

Cult

Cult pejoratively refers to a group whose beliefs or practices could be considered strange or sinister.^[1] The term was originally used to denote a system of ritual practices. The narrower, derogatory sense of the word is a product of the 20th century, especially since the 1980s, and is a result of the anti-cult movement, which uses the term in reference to groups seen as authoritarian, exploitative and possibly dangerous.

Danish Wikipedia

The Danish Wikipedia started on 1 February 2002 and is the Danish-language edition of Wikipedia. As of November 8, 2009 it has over 118,000 articles. Since Danish is mutually intelligible with Swedish and Norwegian, administrators of the site collaborate with those at the respective Wikipedias through the Skanwiki section of the Wikimedia Meta-Wiki site.

Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College (pronounced /ˈdɑrtməθ/) is a private, coeducational liberal arts college^[7] located in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"^[8][9] it is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.^[10] In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. With a total enrollment of 5,848, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League.^[3]

Database server

A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers, as defined by the client-server model. The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a program. Database management systems frequently provide database server functionality, and some DBMSs (e.g., MySQL) rely exclusively on the client-server model for database access.

David Weinberger

David Weinberger (born 1950 in New York) is an American technologist, professional speaker,^[1] and commentator, probably best known as co-author of the Cluetrain Manifesto (originally a website, and eventually a book, which has been described as "a primer on Internet marketing" ^[2]). Weinberger's work focuses on how the Internet is changing human relationships, communication, and society.

Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia

Deletionism and inclusionism are opposing philosophies held by editors of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, regarding the criteria for including or deleting content.^[1]