Palestinian people
Related:
1920 Palestine riots, 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, 1948 Arab-Israeli war, 1948 Palestinian exodus, 1967 Palestinian exodus, 1967 war, A priori, Aaron, Abbasid, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Abdullah I of Jordan, Abnaa el-Balad, Acculturation, Achaemenid Empire, Ackawi cheese, Acre, Israel, Agriculture, Ahad Ha'am, Ahmad Shukeiri, Ahmed Yassin, Akkadian Empire, Al-Aqsa Mosque, Al-Karmil (newspaper), Al-Quds Capital of Arab Culture, Al Jazeera, Algeria, Aliyah, Allah, Allspice, Americas, Amorites, Anatolia, Anatolian, Ancestry, Ancient Arabs, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptians, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient history, Anthropologist, Anti-Zionist, Antonio Saca, Arab, Arab-Israeli conflict, Arab Christians, Arab High Committee, Arab Israeli, Arab Jews, Arab Muslims, Arab World, Arab cinema, Arab citizens of Israel, Arab culture, Arab diaspora, Arab world, Arabia, Arabic, Arabic alphabet, Arabic calligraphy, Arabic culture, Arabic dialects, Arabic language, Arabization, Arabs, Aramaeans, Aramaic alphabet, Aramaic language, Arameans, Armenians, Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948, Army of the Holy War, Art, Assyrian Empire, Assyrian language, Ataaba, Atallah Hanna, Australia, Avi Shlaim, Avraham Sela, Ayyubid, Azure (journal), Baba ghanoush, Babylonian Empire, Babylonians, Baghdad, Baklava, Balata, Balfour Declaration, Balkans, Baruch Kimmerling, Bedouin, Beirut, Belize, Benny Morris, Ber Borochov, Bernard Lewis, Bethlehem, Bethlehem University, Biblical, Bilu, Birth rate, Birth rates, Black Hand, Black September in Jordan, Border, Bosnian cuisine, Brazil, British Army, British Mandate Palestine, British Mandate of Palestine, Bulgur, Byzantine, Byzantine Empire, Cairo, Cambridge University Press, Canaan, Canaanites, Canaanites (movement), Canada, Carlos Roberto Flores, Cave of the Patriarchs, Chard, Chile, Christian, Christian denomination, Christianity, Christianization, Christians, Church of the Annunciation, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Church of the Nativity, Cilantro, Cilicia, Cinema of Palestine, Circa, Citizenship, Classical Arabic, Claude Cheysson, Cohanim, Colombia, Columbia University Press, Coriander, Costa Rica, Costume, Crete, Crimean War, Crusade, Crusades, Cuisine, Customs, DNA, Dabke, Damascus, Dance, David Ben-Gurion, Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, Definitions of Palestine and Palestinian, Demographics of Israel, Demographics of Syria, Digital object identifier, Districts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Divine Intervention, Dolma, Dome of the Rock, Domestic sheep, Druze, East Jerusalem, Eastern, Ebla, Edomite language, Edomites, Edward Robinson, Edward Said, Efraim Karsh, Egypt, Egyptians, El Salvador, Elia Suleiman, Embroidery, Emigration, Emile Habibi, Endonym, English language, Entrée, Eretz-Israel, Eric Hobsbawm, Eric Hobsbawn, Ethiopia, Ethnic, Ethnic identity, Ethnicity, Ethnography, Ethnonym, Europe, European Jews, Faisal Husseini, Faisal I of Iraq, Falafel, Fatah, Fatimid, Fava beans, Fellah, Fellaheen, Fellahin, Fertility, First Intifada, Folk art, Folklore, François Mitterrand, France, French cuisine, Galilee, Gamel Abdel Nasser, Gaza, Gaza Strip, General strike, Genetic genealogy, Genetics, Geographers, Geography of the Gaza Strip, Geography of the West Bank, Ghada Karmi, Ghassan Kanafani, Ghassulian, Glottal stop, Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority, Grape leaves, Great Mosque of Gaza, Great Syria, Greek cuisine, Greek language, Greeks, Guatemala, Guerrilla warfare, Gulf states, Haaretz, Halafian culture, Halhul, Hamas, Hanan Ashrawi, Hany Abu-Assad, Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA), Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA), Harvard University Press, Hasmonean kingdom, Hebraic, Hebrew University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hebrews, Hebron, Hebron glass, Her Majesty's Government, Herodotus, Hisham's Palace, Hisham Zreiq, History of Iraq, History of Jordan, History of Lebanon, History of Palestine, History of Palestinian nationality, History of Syria, History of ancient Israel and Judah, History of the Jews in the Land of Israel, History of the Levant, History of the Palestinian people, History of the State of Israel, Hittites, Holon, Honduras, Hummus, Husayni, Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim Nasrallah, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, Immanuel Kant, Implicit, Indigenous peoples, Internally Displaced Palestinians, Internally displaced persons, International Court of Justice, International Standard Book Number, Iran, Iraq, Iraqi Arabic, Islam, Islam in Israel and Palestinian territories, Islamic, Islamization, Ismail Haniya, Israel, Israel Belkind, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israeli-occupied territories, Israeli Arabs, Israeli cuisine, Israeli textbooks, Israelis, Israelite, Italian cuisine, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, Jaffa, Jaffa riots, James L. Gelvin, James Parkes (clergyman), Jebus, Jebusite, Jenin, Jericho, Jerusalem, Jerusalem Post, Jew, Jewish, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jewish diaspora, Jewish ethnic divisions, Jews, Jinns, Jonah, Jonas C. Greenfield, Jordan, Jordan river, Joseph's Tomb, Josephus, Journal of Palestine Studies, Judaism, Jund Filastin, Kamanjah, Kanafeh, Karameh, Kebaran, Kermit Zarley, Khalil Beidas, Khalil al-Sakakini, Khalil al-Wazir, Khilafat, Kinship, Knesset, Kurds, Kuwait, Labaneh, Laila el-Haddad, League of Nations, Lebanese people, Lebanon, Legends, Leila Khaled, Levant, Levantine Arabic, Lingua franca, List of Arab localities in Israel, List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, List of Palestinian refugee camps, List of Palestinians, List of cities in Palestinian National Authority areas, List of political parties in the Palestinian National Authority, Literature, Lydian, Mahmoud Abbas, Mahmoud Darwish, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluks, Mandate Palestine, Mansaf, Maqam, Maqluba, Martial law, May Ziade, Mayor of Jerusalem, Medieval, Mediterranean, Mediterranean sea, Mezze, Mghar, Michael Hammer, Middle Ages, Middle East, Minister (government), Modal haplotype, Modern era, Modernity, Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, Mohsen Subhi, Mongol, Mongols, Mosque, Mother-of-Pearl carving in Bethlehem, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Multilingualism, Musa Qasim Pasha al-Husayni, Musakhan, Music, Muslim, Muslim conquest of Syria, Nabataean, Nabataeans, Nabatean, Nabateans, Nabi Musa, Nabi Samwil, Nablus, Nabulsi cheese, Nabulsi soap, Naji Al-Ali, Nakba Day, Nashashibi, National independence, National liberation movement, Nationalism, Natufian culture, Natural language, Nazareth, Negev Bedouin, Negev Bedouins, Neolithic, Neturei Karta, New York, NY, North Africa, Old Hebrew, Olive, Olive oil, Oral history, Oral law, Oregano, Orientalism, Oslo Accords, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire, Oxford University Press, PLO, Paganism, Palestine, Palestine Liberation Organization, Palestine National Council, Palestine Regiment, Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, Palestinian Arabic, Palestinian Authority, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Palestinian Christian, Palestinian Flag, Palestinian Jew, Palestinian Jews, Palestinian Legislative Council, Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian National Charter, Palestinian National Council, Palestinian Talmud, Palestinian art, Palestinian cinema, Palestinian costumes, Palestinian cuisine, Palestinian culture, Palestinian diaspora, Palestinian fedayeen, Palestinian flag, Palestinian handicrafts, Palestinian law, Palestinian literature, Palestinian music, Palestinian nationalism, Palestinian pottery, Palestinian refugee, Palestinian refugee camp, Palestinian refugees, Palestinian state, Palestinian territories, Palestinian textbooks, Palestinians, Palestinians in Chile, Palmyra, Pan-Arab, Pan-Arabism, Paradise now, Paris Peace Conference, 1919, People, Persian Empire, Persian cuisine, Pharyngealization, Philistines, Philo, Phoenicia, Phoenicians, Pine nut, Place names in Palestine, Pliny the Elder, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Portuguese language, Pre-Islamic, Proposals for a Palestinian state, Proverbs, Qabatiya, Qedarites, Rabbinic, Rachel's Tomb, Ramallah, Rashid Khalidi, Rashidun, Refugee camp, Religion, Religious conversion, Rice, Rim Banna, Roman Empire, Roman empire, Routledge, Rural, Said Musa, Saladin, Samaria, Samaritan, Samaritanism, Samaritans, Samih al-Qasim, San Remo conference, Sargon II, Saudi Arabia, Schafik Jorge Handal, Sea Peoples, Second Intifada, Second Temple, Secular, Security Council, Seleucid Empire, Self-determination, Semitic, Semitic languages, Sergio DellaPergola, Sesame seeds, Shibboleth, Sinai, Six-Day War, Six-day war, Sociologist, Solomon, Southern Lebanon, Sovereignty, Spanish language, St. George, State of Israel, Statelessness, Stone Age, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sub-stratum, Suleiman the Magnificent, Sumac, Sumaghiyyeh, Sumerians, Sumud, Sunni, Sunni Islam, Syria, Syrian Arabic, Taboon Bread, Taboon bread, Tabouleh, Tahini, Tawfiq Canaan, Tawfiq Zayyad, The Jerusalem Post, The Nation, The Palestine Post, Thursday of the Dead, Thyme, Titus, Tom Segev, Transjordan, Tribes of Arabia, Tsvi Misinai, Tulkarm, Turkey, Turkish people, UNRWA, Umayad, Umayyad, Umayyad Caliphate, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Relief and Works Agency, United Nations Security Council, United States, United States House of Representatives, United States of America, University of California Press, University of Texas Press, Uri Davis, Varieties of Arabic, Vernacular, Verso, Walid Khalidi, West Bank, William Henry Bartlett, World War I, World War II, Yasser Arafat, Yehoshua Porath, Yemen, Yiddish, Yigal Allon, Yitzhak Ben Zvi, Yonatan Ratosh, Za'atar, Zaatar, Zajal, Zionism, Zionist, Palestinian territories
Palestinian Arabic
Israel
Palestinian Arabic and Modern Hebrew
Diaspora:
Other varieties of Arabic, English, Spanish, Portuguese, and others
Additional info
1920 Palestine riots
1920 Palestine riots – 1921 in Jaffa – 1929 Palestine riots – Arab revolt (1936–1939) – Civil War (1947–1948) – Arab-Israeli War (1948–1949) – Suez Crisis (1956) – War over Water (1964–1967) – Six-Day War (1967) – War of Attrition (1968–1970) – Yom Kippur War (1973) – South Lebanon conflict (1978) – Lebanon War (1982) – South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) – First Intifada (1987–1993) – Second Intifada (2000–2008) – Lebanon War (2006) – Gaza War (2008–2009)1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1920 Palestine riots – 1921 in Jaffa – 1929 Palestine riots – Arab revolt (1936–1939) – Civil War (1947–1948) – Arab-Israeli War (1948–1949) – Suez Crisis (1956) – War over Water (1964–1967) – Six-Day War (1967) – War of Attrition (1968–1970) – Yom Kippur War (1973) – South Lebanon conflict (1978) – Lebanon War (1982) – South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) – First Intifada (1987–1993) – Second Intifada (2000–2008) – Lebanon War (2006) – Gaza War (2008–2009)1948 Palestinian exodus
The 1948 Palestinian exodus (Arabic: الهجرة الفلسطينية, al-Hijra al-Filasṭīnīya), also known as al Nakba (Arabic: النكبة, an-Nakbah), meaning the "disaster", "catastrophe", or "cataclysm",[1] occurred when between 650,000 and 750,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes by Yishuv or Israeli forces, during the creation of the state of Israel and the civil war that preceded it.[2] The term "Nakba" was first used in this way by Syrian historian Constantine Zureiq in his 1948 book, Ma'na al-Nakba (The Meaning of the Disaster).[3] According to Ilan Pappe, the term Nakba was adopted "as an attempt to counter the moral weight of the Jewish Holocaust (Shoa)". [4]1967 Palestinian exodus
The 1967 Palestinian exodus refers to the flight of around 280,000 to 325,000 Palestinians[1] out of the territories occupied by Israel during and in the aftermath of the Six-Day War including the demolition of the Palestinian villages of Imwas, Yalo, and Bayt Nuba, Surit, Beit Awwa, Beit Mirsem, Shuyukh, Jiftlik, Agarith and Huseirat and the "emptying" of the refugee camps of ʿAqabat Jabr and ʿEin Sulṭān.[2] The Special Committee heard allegations of the destruction of over 400 Arab villages, but no evidence in corroboration was furnished to the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the population of the occupied territories.[3]1967 war
1920 Palestine riots – 1921 in Jaffa – 1929 Palestine riots – Arab revolt (1936–1939) – Civil War (1947–1948) – Arab-Israeli War (1948–1949) – Suez Crisis (1956) – War over Water (1964–1967) – Six-Day War (1967) – War of Attrition (1968–1970) – Yom Kippur War (1973) – South Lebanon conflict (1978) – Lebanon War (1982) – South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) – First Intifada (1987–1993) – Second Intifada (2000–2008) – Lebanon War (2006) – Gaza War (2008–2009)Aaron
In the Hebrew Bible, Aaron (pronounced /ˈɛərən/;[1] Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן Ahărōn, Arabic: هارون Hārūn), sometimes called Aaron the Levite (אַהֲרֹן הַלֵוִי), was the brother of Moses, (Exodus 6:16-20)[2] and represented the priestly functions of his tribe, becoming the first High Priest of the Israelites. While Moses was receiving his education at the Egyptian royal court and during his exile among the Midianites, Aaron and his sister remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). Aaron there gained a name for eloquent and persuasive speech; so that when the time came for the demand upon the Pharaoh to release Israel from captivity, Aaron became his brother’s nabi, or spokesman, to his own people (Exodus 7:1)[3] and, after their unwillingness to hear, to the Pharaoh himself (Exodus 7:9).[4] Various dates for his life have been proposed, ranging from approximately 1600 to 1200 B.C.Abbasid
The Abbasid Caliphate (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, al-‘Abbāsīyūn) was the third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al Andalus.Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (Arabic: عبد القادر الحسيني, also spelled Abd al-Qader al-Husseini) (1907-1948) was a Palestinian nationalist and fighter who in late 1933 founded the secret militant group known as the Organization for Holy Struggle, (Munazzamat al-Jihad al-Muqaddas),[1][2] which he and Hasan Salama commanded as the Army of the Holy War (Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas) in the 1948 Palestine War. Husayni had four children - Haifa, Musa, Gazi, and Faisal.Abdullah I of Jordan
Abdullah I bin al-Hussein, King of Jordan [‘Abd Allāh ibn al-Husayn] (February 1882 – 20 July 1951) (Arabic) عبد الله الأول بن الحسين born in Mecca, Ottoman Empire, (in modern-day Saudi Arabia) was the second of three sons of Sherif Hussein bin Ali, Sharif and Emir of Mecca and his first wife Abdiyya bint Abdullah (d. 1886). He was educated in Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey and Hijaz. From 1909 to 1914, Abdullah sat in the Ottoman legislature, as deputy for Mecca, but allied with Britain during World War I. Between 1916 to 1918, working with the British guerilla leader T. E. Lawrence, he played a key role as architect and planner of the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule, leading guerilla raids on garrisons.[1] He was the ruler of Transjordan and its successor state, Jordan, from 1921 to 1951[2]—first as Emir under a British Mandate from 1921 to 1946, then as King of an independent nation from 1946 until his assassination.Abnaa el-Balad
Abnaa el-Balad (Arabic: ابنا البلد, Sons of the Land or Sons and Daughters of the Country or People of the Homeland Movement) is a secular movement made up of Palestinians, most of whom are Arab citizens of Israel. The stated goals of the movement are: the return of all Palestinian refugees, an end to Israeli's occupation of territories and the establishment of a democratic, secular Palestinian state.[1][2]Acculturation
Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.[1] (Kottak 2007)Ackawi cheese
Akkawi cheese (Arabic: جبن عكاوي, also Akawi, Akawieh, and Ackawi) is a white brine cheese, native to Palestine. It is named for the city of Akka, where it first originated, the Arabic akkawi meaning "from akka". It is commonly made using cow milk, but can be made with goat or sheep's milk as well. It is now produced on a large scale in the Middle East, notably in Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus. A soft white cheese, it has a smooth texture and a mild salty taste. Commonly used as a table cheese, it is considered good by itself or paired with fruit.[1]Acre, Israel
Acre (Hebrew: עַכּוֹ, Akko; Arabic: عكّا, ʻAkkā)[1] also Akko, is a city in the Western Galilee region of northern Israel. It is situated on a low promontory at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Acre had a population of 46,000 at the end of 2007.[2] Historically Acre has been regarded as the key to the Levant due to its strategic coastal location.Agriculture
Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.Ahad Ha'am
Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg (18 August 1856 - 2 January 1927), primarily known by his Hebrew name and pen name, Ahad Ha'am, (Hebrew: אחד העם, lit. one of the people, Genesis 26:10), was a Hebrew essayist, and one of the foremost pre-state Zionist thinkers. He is known as the founder of Cultural Zionism. With his secular vision of a Jewish "spiritual center" in Palestine he confronted Theodor Herzl. Unlike Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, Ha'am strived for "a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews."[1]Ahmad Shukeiri
Ahmad al-Shukeiri (January 1, 1908–February 26, 1980) (Arabic: أحمد الشقيري) also transcribed al-Shuqayri, Shuqeiri, Shukeiry, etc.), was the first Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, serving in 1964–67. Ahmad al-Shukeiri expressed himself as a truthful Muslim, and told the world that his goal was the destruction of Israel. [1]Ahmed Yassin
Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Hassan Yassin (1937 – 22 March 2004[1]) (Arabic: الشيخ أحمد إسماعيل ياسين) was a founder of Hamas, an Islamist Palestinian paramilitary organization and political party. Yassin also served as the spiritual leader of the organization. Hamas gained popularity in Palestinian society by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and other services,[2] but it has also claimed responsibility for a number of suicide attacks targeting Israeli civilians, leading to its being characterized by a number of western states as a terrorist organization.[3][4]Al-Aqsa Mosque
Al-Aqsa Mosque (Arabic:المسجد الاقصى, IPA /æl'mæsʒɪd æl'ɑqsˁɑ/, 
al-Masjid al-Aqsa (help·info) translit: "the Farthest Mosque"), also known as al-Aqsa, is an Islamic holy place in the Old City of Jerusalem. The mosque itself forms part of the al-Haram ash-Sharif or "Sacred Noble Sanctuary" (along with the Dome of the Rock), a site also known as the Temple Mount and considered the holiest site in Judaism, since it is where the Temple in Jerusalem once stood.[1][2] Widely considered as the third holiest site in Islam, Muslims believe that the prophet Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey.[3] Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God ordered him to turn towards the Ka'aba.[4]Al-Karmil (newspaper)
Al-Karmil (Arabic: الكرمل) was a weekly Arabic language newspaper founded toward the end of Ottoman imperial rule in Palestine.[1][2] Named for Mount Carmel in the Haifa district, the first issue was published in December 1908,[1] with the stated purpose of "opposing Zionist colonization".[3]Al-Quds Capital of Arab Culture
Al-Quds Arab Capital of Culture (Arabic: القدس عاصمة الثقافة العربية) is the 2009 edition of the Arab Capital of Culture programme.[1] The programme, organised by UNESCO and the Arab League, is designed to promote and celebrate Arab culture and encourage cooperation in the Arab world. The 2009 edition is the fourteenth of the programme since its establishment in 1996.Al Jazeera
Al Jazeera (Arabic: الجزيره al-ğazīra IPA: [aldʒazi:ra]), meaning "the island" in Arabic, is a Middle Eastern news network. The name refers to the network's status as the only independent news network in the Middle East[citation needed]. Al Jazeera is a television network headquartered in Doha, Qatar. Initially launched as an Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel with the same name, Al Jazeera has since expanded into a network with several outlets, including the Internet and specialty TV channels in multiple languages. Al Jazeera is accessible in several world regions.Algeria
Algeria (Formal Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā’ir; ), officially the People's Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. In terms of land area, it is the largest country on the Mediterranean Sea, the second largest on the African continent[6] and the Arab world after Sudan, and the eleventh-largest country in the world.[7]Aliyah
Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה Translit.: Aliya Translated: "ascent") is the immigration of Jews to Eretz Israel. It is a basic tenet of Zionist ideology, and a value in almost all movements of Judaism. The opposite action, Jewish emigration from Israel, is referred to as Yerida ("descent").Allah
Allah (Arabic: الله, Allāh, Turkish: Allah, IPA: [ʔalˤːɑːh] (
listen)) is the standard Arabic word for God.[1] While the term is best known in the West for its use by Muslims as a reference to God, it is used by Arabic-speakers of all Abrahamic faiths, including Christians and Jews, in reference to "God".[1][2][3] The term was also used by pagan Meccans as a reference to the creator-god, possibly the supreme deity in pre-Islamic Arabia.[4]Allspice
Allspice, also called Jamaica pepper, kurundu, myrtle pepper, pimenta,[1] or newspice, is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit ("berries") of Pimenta dioica , a mid-canopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world.[2] The name "allspice" was coined as early as 1621 by the English, who thought it combined the flavour of cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves.[3]Americas
The Americas, or America,[1][2] are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. America may be ambiguous in English, as it is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America.[3][2] The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).Amorites
Amorite (Sumerian 𒈥𒌅 MAR.TU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî אמורי) refers to a Semitic people[1][2] who occupied large parts of Mesopotamia from at least the second half of the third millennium BC. The term Amurru refers to them, as well as to their principal deity.Ancient Arabs
The history of Pre-Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail. Archaeological exploration in the Arabian Peninsula has been sparse; indigenous written sources are limited to the many inscriptions and coins from southern Arabia. Existing material consists primarily of written sources from other traditions (such as Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, etc.) and oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars.Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia.[2] Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.[3]Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia.[2] Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.[3]Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece is the civilisation belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries, at first under Athenian leadership successfully repelling the military threat of Persian invasion. The Athenian Golden Age ends with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.Anti-Zionist
Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, and a term which has been used to describe several very different religious and political points of view, both historically and in current debates. All these points of view have in common some form of opposition to Zionism, but their diversity of motivation and expression is so great that "anti-Zionism" cannot be seen as a single phenomenon. This article examines opposition to Zionism both historically and as it currently exists.Antonio Saca
Elías Antonio Saca González (born in Usulután, 9 March 1965) is a Salvadoran politician and was the President of El Salvador. He was elected President in 2004 to serve a five-year term that ended in 2009.Arab-Israeli conflict
Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel, Palestinians and the United Nations · Iran-Israel relations · Israel-United States relations · Boycott of IsraelArab High Committee
The Arab Higher Committee was the central political organ of the Arab community of Mandate Palestine. It was established on 25 April 1936, on the initiative of Hajj Amin al-Husayni, the mufti of Jerusalem, and comprised the leaders of Palestinian Arab clans under the mufti's chairmanship. The Committee was formed after the start of the 1936-39 Arab revolt. On 15 May, the Committee called for nonpayment of taxes, for a general strike of Arab workers and businesses, and demanded an end to Jewish immigration. The committee was banned by the Mandate administration in September 1937.Arab Jews
Arab Jews (Arabic: اليهود العرب Al-Yahūd al-`Arab, Hebrew: יהודים ערבים Yehudim `Aravim) is a controversial term referring to Jews living in the Arab World, or Jews descended from such persons.[1]Arab Muslims
Arab Muslims are adherents of the religion of Islam who identify linguistically, culturally, or genealogically as Arabs. They greatly outnumber other ethnic groups in the Middle East.[1] Muslims who are not Arabs are called mawali by Arab Muslims.[2] British historian Hugh Seton-Watson has argued that solidarity has historically been stronger between Arab Muslims than between all Muslims because many Muslims believe that only Arab Muslims are true Muslims.[3]Arab World
The Arab World (Arabic: العالم العربي, al-ʻālam al-ʻarabi) refers to Arabic-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It consists of 25 countries and territories with a combined population of 358 million people straddling North Africa and Western Asia.Arab culture
Arab culture is an inclusive term that draws together the common themes and overtones found in the Arabic-speaking cultures, especially those of the Middle-Eastern countries. This region's distinct religion, art, and food are some of the fundamental features that define Arab culture.Arab world
The Arab World (Arabic: العالم العربي, al-ʻālam al-ʻarabi) refers to Arabic-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It consists of 25 countries and territories with a combined population of 358 million people straddling North Africa and Western Asia.Arabia
The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻArab), Arabia, Arabistan,[1] and the Arabian subcontinent[2] is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. The area is an important part of the Middle East and plays a critically important geopolitical role because of its vast reserves of oil and natural gas.Arabic
Egypt: Academy of the Arabic Language in CairoIraq: Iraqi Academy of Sciences
Jordan: Jordan Academy of Arabic
Libya: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya
Morocco: Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat
Sudan: Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum
Syria: Arab Academy of Damascus (the oldest)
Tunisia: Beit Al-Hikma Foundation
Arabic calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy, colloquially known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of artistic handwriting, or calligraphy, and by extension, of bookmaking.[1] This art, associated with Islam, has most often employed the Arabic script, throughout many languages including Arabic. Calligraphy is especially revered among Islamic arts since it was the primary means for the preservation of the Qur'an. The work of calligraphers was collected and appreciated. Consideration of figurative art as idolatrous led to calligraphy and abstract depictions becoming the main forms of artistic expression in Islamic cultures.[2]Arabic culture
Arab culture is an inclusive term that draws together the common themes and overtones found in the Arabic-speaking cultures, especially those of the Middle-Eastern countries. This region's distinct religion, art, and food are some of the fundamental features that define Arab culture.Arabic dialects
The Arabic language is a Semitic language with many varieties that diverge widely from one another—both from country to country and within a single country. A distinction is to be made between Classical/Standard Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or MSA) and these "colloquial" variants. In sociolinguistic terms, Arabic in its native environment typically occurs in a "diglossic" situation, meaning that native speakers learn and use two substantially different language forms in different aspects of their lives. In the case of Arabic, the regionally prevalent variety is learned as a speaker's mother tongue and is used for nearly all everyday speaking situations throughout life, also including some films and plays, and (rarely) in some literature. These varieties (or dialects) are called العامية (al-)`āmmiyya (East) or الدارجة (ad-)dārija (West) in Arabic.Arabic language
Egypt: Academy of the Arabic Language in CairoIraq: Iraqi Academy of Sciences
Jordan: Jordan Academy of Arabic
Libya: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya
Morocco: Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat
Sudan: Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum
Syria: Arab Academy of Damascus (the oldest)
Tunisia: Beit Al-Hikma Foundation
Arabization
Arabization (Arabic: تعريب Taʿrīb) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or incorporates Arab culture. It was most prominently achieved during the 7th century Arabian Muslim conquests which spread the Arabic language, culture, and—having been carried out by Arabian Muslims as opposed to Arabian Christians or Arabian Jews—the religion of Islam to the lands they conquered. The result: some elements of Arabian origin combined in various forms and degrees with elements taken from conquered civilizations and ultimately denominated "Arab", as opposed to "Arabian".Aramaeans
The Aramaeans (also Arameans) are a West Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who lived in upper Mesopotamia (Biblical Aram). Aramaeans never had a unified empire; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. Yet to these Aramaeans befell the privilege of imposing their language and culture upon the entire Near East and beyond, fostered in part by the mass relocations enacted by successive empires, including the Assyrians and Babylonians. Scholars even have used the term "Aramaization" for the process by which Assyro-Babylonian peoples became Aramaic-speaking.[1]Aramaic language
Aramaic is a Semitic language belonging to the Afroasiatic language family. Within this family, Aramaic belongs to the Semitic subfamily, and more specifically, is a part of the Northwest Semitic group of languages, which also includes Canaanite languages such as Hebrew and Phoenician. Aramaic script was widely adopted for other languages and is ancestral to both the Arabic and Hebrew alphabets.Arameans
The Aramaeans (also Arameans) are a West Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who lived in upper Mesopotamia (Biblical Aram). Aramaeans never had a unified empire; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. Yet to these Aramaeans befell the privilege of imposing their language and culture upon the entire Near East and beyond, fostered in part by the mass relocations enacted by successive empires, including the Assyrians and Babylonians. Scholars even have used the term "Aramaization" for the process by which Assyro-Babylonian peoples became Aramaic-speaking.[1]Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948
Army of Shadows is a book by Hillel Cohen. [1] It was published in Hebrew in 2004, translated from the Hebrew by Haim Watzman and published in English by the University of California Press in 2008, where the first chapter can be read at their website. [2]Army of the Holy War
The Army of the Holy War or Holy War Army (Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas) was a force of Palestinian irregulars in the 1947-48 Palestinian civil war. Historians described this as the "personal" army of the Husayni family.Art
Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music, literature, film, sculpture, and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.Assyrian Empire
Assyria was a civilization centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia (Iraq), that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur (Akkadian: Aššur; Arabic: أشور Aššûr; Hebrew: אַשּׁוּר Aššûr, Aramaic: ܐܫܘܪ Ašur, ܐܬܘܪ Atur). The term Assyria can also refer to the geographic region or heartland where these empires were centered.Assyrian language
Akkadian (lišānum akkadītum, 𒀝𒂵𒌈 ak.ka.dû) (also Accadian, Assyro-Babylonian[1]) is an extinct Semitic language (part of the greater Afroasiatic language family) that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient Sumerian, an unrelated language isolate. The name of the language is derived from the city of Akkad, a major center of Mesopotamian civilization.Ataaba
The ataaba (Arabic: عتابا, meaning "plaint" or "dirge", also transliterated 'ataba) is a traditional Arabic musical form sung at weddings or festivals, and sometimes also by people at work.[1] Popular in Lebanon, Syria, Palestine and Jordan, it was originally a Bedouin genre, improvised by a solo poet-singer accompanying himself on the rababa.[2] As part of the Palestinian folk music tradition, ataabas are generally performed by a vocal soloist, without instrumental accompaniment, who improvises the melody using folk poetry for the verse.[3]Atallah Hanna
Theodosios (Hanna) of Sebastia (born 1965) is the Archbishop of Sebastia from the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem.[1] Ordained on the 24 December 2005 at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, he is the second Palestinian to hold the position of Archbishop in the history of the diocese.[1]Australia
Australia (pronounced /əˈstreɪljə/ ə-STRAYL-yə or /ɒˈstreɪljə/ o-STRAYL-yə,[7] or more formally as /ɔːˈstreɪliə/ aw-STRAY-lee-ə), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent (the world's smallest),[8][9] the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the southeast.Avi Shlaim
Avi Shlaim (born October 31, 1945) is an Iraqi-born British historian. He is a professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford and a fellow of the British Academy.Avraham Sela
Avraham Sela is an Israeli authority on the Middle East and international relations, currently the A. Ephraim and Shirley Diamond Professor of International Relations at the Harry S. Truman Institute at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Azure (journal)
Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation is a bilingual quarterly journal published by the Shalem Center in Jerusalem. It was founded as a forum for new and original writing on issues relating to Jewish thought and identity, Zionism, and the State of Israel. It is the only journal of its kind which is published in Hebrew and English editions. As such it serves as a common platform for the exchange of ideas between Israelis and Jews worldwide. It shares some content with Azure, but also publishes pieces which appear only in Hebrew.Baba ghanoush
Baba Ghanoush, Baba Ghannouj or Baba Ghannoug[1] (Arabic بابا غنوج bābā ġanūj) is an Arabic dish of eggplant (aubergine) mashed and mixed with various seasonings. A popular preparation method is for the eggplant to be baked or broiled over an open flame before peeling, so that the pulp is soft and has a smoky taste.[2] Often, it is eaten as a dip with khubz or pita bread, and is sometimes added to other dishes. It is usually of an earthy light-brown color. It is popular in the Levant and Egypt[1].Babylonian Empire
Babylonia was a civilization in Lower Mesopotamia (central and southern Iraq), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad. The Amorites being a Semitic people, Babylonia adopted the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use, and retained the Sumerian language for religious use, which by that time was no longer a spoken language. The Akkadian and Sumerian cultures played a major role in later Babylonian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under outside rule.Babylonians
Babylonia was a civilization in Lower Mesopotamia (central and southern Iraq), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad. The Amorites being a Semitic people, Babylonia adopted the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use, and retained the Sumerian language for religious use, which by that time was no longer a spoken language. The Akkadian and Sumerian cultures played a major role in later Babylonian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under outside rule.Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد Baġdād, Turkish: Bağdat) (meaning: "the fair garden") is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a municipal population estimated between 5 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq[1][2] and one of the two largest in the Arab World (including Cairo).Baklava
Baklava is a rich, sweet pastry made of layers of phyllo dough filled with chopped nuts and sweetened with syrup or honey. It is characteristic of the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire, as well as Iran, the Caucasus and much of central and southwest Asia.Balata
Balata Camp (Arabic: مخيم بلاطة) is a Palestinian refugee camp established in the northern West Bank in 1950, adjacent to the city of Nablus. It currently houses 17,645 registered Palestinian refugees. Residents of the camp suggest that the number of residents is closer to 30,000. It is currently the largest refugee camp in the West Bank.Balfour Declaration
The name Balfour Declaration is applied to two key British government policy statements associated with Conservative statesman and former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour.Balkans
The Balkans (often referred to as the Balkan Peninsula, although the Balkans is larger than the peninsula itself) is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km2 (212,000 sq mi) and a population of about 55 million people.Belize
Belize (formerly British Honduras), is a country in Central America. Belize has a diverse society, composed of many cultures and speaking many languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, Guatemala to the south and west, and the Caribbean sea to the east. With 8,867 square miles (22,960 km²) of territory and 320,000 people (2008 est.),[4] the population density is the lowest in the Central American region and one of the lowest in the world. However, the country's population growth rate, 2.21% (2008 est.),[4] is the highest in the region and one of the highest in the western hemisphere. Belize's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.