Criminology

Émile Durkheim, -logy, Adolphe Quetelet, Albert Bandura, Albert K. Cohen, Alcohol, Alexandre Koyré, Alexandre Lacassagne, American Dream, Ancient Greek, Anomie, Anthropological Criminology, Antipositivism, Atavism, Behavior, Behavioral sciences, Biological, Blue-collar crime, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, CNRS, Cannabis, Capital punishment, Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria, Cesare Beccaria, Cesare Lombroso, Chaperon, Charles Darwin, Chicago school (sociology), Citizenship, Classical school, Common law, Concentric ring model, Conflict criminology, Conflict theory, Control group, Corporate crime, Crime, Crime prevention, Crime prevention through environmental design, Crime rate, Crime science, Crime statistics, Criminal anthropology, Criminal law, Critical criminology, Critical theory, Cultural studies, Culture, Data, Death penalty, Dei delitti e delle pene, Deviance (sociology), Deviant behavior, Dichotomy, Differential association, Digital object identifier, Drug abuse, Durkheim, Econometrics, Economic sociology, Economy, Edmund Husserl, Education, Edwin Sutherland, Emile Durkheim, Empirical, Enrico Ferri, Environmental criminology, Environmental sociology, Ernest Burgess, Ethnography, Evaluation, Extraversion, Family, Fear of crime, Feminist school, Football hooliganism, Forensic science, Frankfurt School, French Revolution, Functionalism (sociology), Gambling, Gang, Gary Becker, Gender, George Herbert Mead, George Stigler, Hans Eysenck, Henry Mayhew, Hervey M. Cleckley, Heterogeneous, History of sociology, Howard S. Becker, Index of sociology articles, Industrial sociology, Integrative criminology, Interactionism, International Standard Book Number, Islamic sociology, Italian school of criminology, James Q. Wilson, Jeremy Bentham, John Braithwaite, Joseph Fletcher, Journal of Political Economy, Juvenile delinquency, Latin, Law, Law & Society Review, Law of the United States, Left realism, Legal guardian, Legislature, Lighting, List of basic sociology topics, List of criminology topics, List of important publications in sociology, List of sociologists, Lloyd Ohlin, London Labour and the London Poor, Lyon, Marxism, Marxist criminology, Media studies, Medical sociology, Middle class, Military sociology, Minimum wage, Mods and Rockers, Moral panic, Mores, Nature vs. nurture, Neanderthal, Neo-classical school, Neoliberalism, Neuroticism, Norm (sociology), Nuisance, Organicism, Organized crime, Outline of sociology, Panopticon, Parent, Pedestrian, Peer group, Penal colony, Penology, Peter Eglin, Phenomenology (psychology), Philip Pettit, Phrenology, Police, Political crime, Political sociology, Population, Population density, Positivism, Positivist school, Postmodernism, Postmodernist school, Poverty, Prison, Psychoanalysis, Psychological, Psychology, Psychopathic, Psychoticism, Public order crime, Public sociology, Punishment, Quantitative methods in criminology, Raffaele Garofalo, Rational choice theory (criminology), Rationalization (sociology), Reaction formation, Recidivism, Richard Cloward, Richard Rhodes, Right Realism, Robert E. Park, Robert Hare (psychologist), Robert K. Merton, Routine activity theory, School, Scientific method, Secularization, Security guard, Self control, Sigmund Freud, Sin, Social anthropology, Social cohesion, Social contract, Social control theory, Social determinism, Social disorganization, Social ecology, Social order, Social philosophy, Social positivism, Social psychology, Social research, Social stratification, Social structure, Social theory, Socialization, Society, Sociobiology, Socioeconomics, Sociolinguistics, Sociology, Sociology of childhood, Sociology of culture, Sociology of deviance, Sociology of education, Sociology of gender, Sociology of health, Sociology of knowledge, Sociology of law, Sociology of race and ethnic relations, Sociology of religion, Sociology of science, Sociology of the Internet, Sociology of the family, Stanley Cohen (sociologist), State-corporate crime, State (law), State crime, Statistical Society of London, Statistics, Statutory law, Stephen Hester (professor), Strain theory (sociology), Structural functionalism, Structure and agency, Subcultural theory, Subfields of sociology, Surveillance, Symbolic interactionism, Systems theory, Taboo, The International Crime Victims Survey, The Mask of Sanity, Theory of evolution, Torture, United States, University of Chicago, Urban sociology, Utilitarianism, Victimology, Violence, Wealth, White-collar crime, William Julius Wilson, Working class,

David Émile Durkheim (French pronunciation: [emil dyʁkɛm]) (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French positivist sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science.^[1]

-logy

-logy is a suffix in the English language, used with words originally adapted from Ancient Greek language ending in -λογία (-logia). The earliest English examples were anglicizations of the French -logie, which was in turn inherited from the Latin -logia.^[1]

Adolphe Quetelet

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet (22 February 1796 – 17 February 1874) was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist. He founded and directed the Brussels Observatory and was influential in introducing statistical methods to the social sciences. Some French-language sources give his last name as Quetelet, with no accent.

Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada) is a psychologist specializing in social cognitive theory and self-efficacy. He is most famous for his social learning theory.

Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. An important group of alcohols is formed by the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is C_nH_2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the word alcohol means, specifically, ethanol.

Alexandre Koyré

Alexandre Koyré (August 29, 1892 – April 28, 1964), sometimes anglicised as Alexander Koiré,^[1] was a French philosopher of Russian origin who wrote on the history and philosophy of science.

Alexandre Lacassagne

Alexandre Lacassagne (August 17, 1843 - September 24, 1924) was a French physician and criminologist who was a native of Cahors. He was the founder of the Lacassagne school of criminology, based in Lyon and influent from 1885 to 1914,^[1] and main rival to Lombroso's Italian school.^[1]

American Dream

The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States of America in which democratic ideals are perceived as a promise of prosperity for its people. In the American Dream, first expressed by James Truslow Adams in 1931, citizens of every rank feel that they can achieve a "better, richer, and happier life."^[1] The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the second sentence of the Declaration of Independence^[2] which states that "all men are created equal"^[3] and that they are "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights"^[3] including "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."^[3]

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic (c. 9th–6th centuries BC), Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC–6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine ("common") or Biblical Greek, and its late period mutates imperceptibly into Medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earlier form it closely resembles Classical Greek. Prior to the Koine period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several regional dialects.

Anomie

History · Positivism · Antipositivism
Functionalism · Conflict theory
Social theory · Critical theory
Structure & agency · Socialization
Research · Public sociology

Anthropological Criminology

Anthropological criminology (sometimes referred to as criminal anthropology, literally a combination of the study of the human species and the study of criminals) is a field of offender profiling, based on perceived links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender. Although similar to physiognomy and phrenology, the term criminal anthropology is generally reserved for the works of the Italian school of criminology of the late 19th century (Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo). Lombroso thought that criminals were born with inferior physiological differences which were detectable. He popularized the notion of "born criminal" and thought that criminality was an atavism or hereditary disposition. His central idea was to locate crime completely within the individual and utterly divorce it from the surrounding social conditions and structures. A founder of the Positivist school of criminology, Lombroso hereby opposed social positivism developed by the Chicago school and environmental criminology.

Antipositivism

History · Positivism · Antipositivism
Functionalism · Conflict theory
Social theory · Critical theory
Structure & agency · Socialization
Research · Public sociology

Atavism

The term atavism (derived from the Latin atavus, a great-grandfather's grandfather; more generally, an ancestor) denotes the tendency to revert to ancestral type. An atavism is an evolutionary throwback, such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generations ago.^[2] Atavisms occur because genes for previously existing phenotypical features are often preserved in DNA, even though the genes are not expressed in some or most of the organisms possessing them.

Behavior

Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Behavior can be conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

Behavioral sciences

The term behavioural sciences (or behavioral sciences) encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behaviour through controlled and naturalistic experimental observations and rigorous formulations. (E. D. Klemke, R. Hollinger, and A. D. Kline, (ed) (1980))

Biological

Biology (from Greek βιολογία - βίος, bios, "life"; -λογία, -logia, study of) is the natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.^[1] The term biology in its modern sense appears to have been introduced independently by Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800), Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur, 1802), and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (Hydrogéologie, 1802).^[2][3]

Blue-collar crime

In criminology, blue-collar crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower social class as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime committed by individuals of a higher social class.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, author, inventor, advocate for social reform,^[1][2] and poet.^[3] He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.^[4] He invented the operant conditioning chamber, innovated his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism,^[5] and founded his own school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, which has recently seen enormous increase in interest experimentally and in applied settings.^[6] He discovered and advanced the rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure rate of responding as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement.^[7][8] In a recent survey, Skinner was listed as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.^[9] He was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles.^[10][11]

CNRS

The National Center of Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique or CNRS)^[1] is the largest governmental research organization in France^[2] and the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.^[3]

Capital punishment

Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a person by judicial process as a punishment for an offense. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from Latin capitalis, literally "regarding the head" (Latin caput). Hence, a capital crime was originally one punished by the severing of the head.

Cesare Lombroso

Cesare Lombroso, born Ezechia Marco Lombroso (November 6, 1835 – October 19, 1909) was an Italian criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. Lombroso rejected the established Classical School, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. Instead, using concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry and Social Darwinism, Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.