Biology

Abiotic factors, Adenosine triphosphate, Afro-Arab, Aggression, Agriculture, Al-Dinawari, Al-Jahiz, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alpha taxonomy, Altricial, Anatomy, Ancient Greece, Animal, Animal physiology, Animal shell, Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Arabidopsis thaliana, Archaea, Aristotle, Artificial selection, Astrobiology, Astronomy, Bachelor of Science, Bacteria, Bacterium, Behavior, Binomial nomenclature, BioCode, Bioastronomy, Biochemistry, Bioengineering, Biogenesis, Biogeography, Bioinformatics, Biological dispersal, Biological organisation, Biological tissue, Biologist, Biology (disambiguation), Biomass, Biomathematics, Biomechanics, Biomedical research, Biophysics, Biosphere, Biostatistics, Biotechnology, Biotic factors, Botany, Caenorhabditis elegans, Canidae, Carl Woese, Carolus Linnaeus, Cell (biology), Cell biology, Cell division, Cell growth, Cell nucleus, Cell theory, Cellular biology, Cellular differentiation, Cellular respiration, Charles Darwin, Chemical reaction, Chemical substance, Chemistry, Chemotroph, China, Chloroplast, Chromosome, Chromosomes, Chronobiology, Circulatory system, Cladistics, Class (biology), Climate, Climate change, Co-operation, Codons, Common descent, Conservation Biology, Conservation biology, Cryobiology, Cyanobacteria, DNA, DNA sequence, Danio rerio, Developmental biology, Digital object identifier, Diseases, Dissection, Domain (biology), Drosophila melanogaster, Dynamic equilibrium, E. coli, Earth, Earth's atmosphere, Earth science, Ecology, Ecosystem, Ecosystems, Egg (biology), Egypt, Embryology, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Endocrine system, Energy, Energy flow, Entomology, Environmental Biology, Environmental science, Epidemiology, Ernst Haeckel, Ethology, Eukaryota, Eukaryote, Evolution, Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary biology, Evolutionary developmental biology, Evolutionary history of life, Evolutionary timeline, Evolutionary tree, Exobiology, Exopaleontology, Family (biology), Fauna, Flora, Food, Fossil, Fungi, Fungus, Gazelle, Gene, Gene pool, Genetic code, Genetic drift, Genetic interaction, Genetics, Genetics (journal), Genome, Genomics, Genotype, Genus, Geological history of Earth, Geology, George Gaylord Simpson, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Glucagon, Goliathus, Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, Greek Language, Habitat, Har Gobind Khorana, Heredity, Herpetology, Hippocrates, Histology, Histone, History of Animals, History of biology, History of evolutionary thought, History of the Earth, Homeostasis, Homo sapiens, Human, Human Genome Project, Human biology, Human physiology, Ichthyology, Immune system, Immunology, In silico, In vitro, In vivo, Indian subcontinent, Infusoria, Insulin, Integrative biology, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, International Standard Book Number, International Standard Serial Number, Islamic medicine, Jan Swammerdam, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, John H. 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Holley, Routledge, Rudolf Virchow, Savanna, Secretion, Selective breeding, Single celled, Solar energy, Space, Speciation, Species, Spermatozoa, Spontaneous generation, Staining, Structure of the Earth, Sulfides, Symbiosis, Systematics, Systems biology, Taxa, Taxonomy, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The Journal of Life Sciences, Theodor Schwann, Theophrastus, Thomas Malthus, Three-domain system, Time, Timeline of biology and organic chemistry, Timeline of evolution, Tinbergen's four questions, Tissues, Toxicology, Transcription (genetics), Translation (biology), Tree fern, Universe, Uterus, Viroid, Viroids, Virology, Virus, Virus (biology), Virus classification, Viruses, Weather, Wikiversity, Wiktionary, Wilderness, William Harvey, Yeast, Zoology,

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.^[1] ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced during photosynthesis and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.^[2] One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms, with the human body turning over its own weight in ATP each day.^[3]

Afro-Arab

Afro-Arab (sometimes referred to as African Arab) can refer to people of mixed Black African and genealogical Arab ancestral heritage and/or linguistically and culturally Arabized Black Africans.^[1] There are communities of Afro-Arabs in East Africa, West Africa, North Africa and the Near East as well as, through recent migrations, Western Europe.

Aggression

In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause pain or harm. Predatory or defensive behavior between members of different species is not normally considered "aggression." Aggression takes a variety of forms among humans and can be physical, mental, or verbal. Aggression should not be confused with assertiveness, although the terms are often used interchangeably among laypeople, e.g. an aggressive salesperson.

Agriculture

Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.

Al-Dinawari

Ābu Ḥanīfah Āḥmad ibn Dawūd Dīnawarī (828 – 896) (Arabic: ابوحنیفه احمد بن داود دینوری‎) was a Persian^[1][2] polymath excelling as much in astronomy, agriculture, botany and metallurgy and as he did in geography, mathematics and history. He was born in Dinawar, (halfway between Hamadan and Kermanshah in western Iran). He studied astronomy, mathematics and mechanics in Isfahan and philology and poetry in Kufa and Basra. He died on July 24, 896 at Dinawar. His most renowned contribution is Book of Plants, for which he is considered the founder of Arabic botany.^[3] He is also considered among the very first writers to discuss the ancestry of the Kurds. He wrote a book about this subject called Ansâb al-Akrâd (Ancestry of the Kurds).

Al-Jahiz

Al-Jāḥiẓ (in Arabic الجاحظ) (real name Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Fuqaimi al-Basri) (781 – December 868/January 869) was a famous Afro-Arab scholar of East African descent,^[4][5] the grandson of a Negro (Zanj) slave.^[6][7] He was an Arabic prose writer and author of works on Arabic literature, biology, zoology, history, early Islamic philosophy, Islamic psychology, Mu'tazili theology, and politico-religious polemics.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace, OM, FRS (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. He is best known for independently proposing a theory of natural selection which prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory.

Alpha taxonomy

Alpha taxonomy (or sometimes simply taxonomy) is the science of finding, describing and categorising organisms, thus leading to the recognition of proposed taxonomic groups, or taxa (singular: taxon), which may then be named.

Altricial

Altricial, meaning "requiring nourishment", refers to a pattern of growth and development in organisms which are incapable of moving around on their own soon after hatching or being born. The word is derived from the Latin root alere meaning "to nurse, to rear, or to nourish", and refers to the need for young to be fed and taken care of for a long duration.^[1]

Anatomy

Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to cut up, cut open. Also from the Greek word "anatome"--ana: apart, tome: to cut-->To cut apart.) is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,^[1] through common roots in evolution.

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece is the civilisation belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries, at first under Athenian leadership successfully repelling the military threat of Persian invasion. The Athenian Golden Age ends with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.

Animal

Animals are a major group of mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals are also heterotrophs, meaning they must ingest other organisms for sustenance.

Animal physiology

Physiology is the science of the functioning of living systems. It is a subcategory of biology. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in a living system. The word physiology is from Greek φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia, "study of".

Animal shell

An exoskeleton is an external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal endoskeleton of, for example, a human. Some animals, such as the tortoise, have both an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton. In popular usage, many of the larger kinds of exoskeletons are known as "shells".

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (in Dutch also Anthonie, Antoni, or Theunis, in English, Antony or Anton) ^[1] (born on October 24, 1632 and died on August 26, 1723 – buried on August 30) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, the Netherlands. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted microscopes he was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Van Leeuwenhoek never wrote books, just letters.

Aristotle

Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings constitute a first at creating a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.

Artificial selection

Artificial selection (or selective breeding) describes intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits. The term was utilized by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability (“Darwinian fitness”). As opposed to artificial selection, in which humans favor specific traits, in natural selection the environment acts as a sieve through which only certain variations can pass.

Astrobiology

Astrobiology (other terms have been exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy) is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. This interdisciplinary field encompasses the search for habitable environments in our Solar System and habitable planets outside our Solar System, the search for evidence of prebiotic chemistry, life on Mars and other bodies in our Solar System, laboratory and field research into the origins and early evolution of life on Earth, and studies of the potential for life to adapt to challenges on Earth and in outer space.^[2]

Astronomy

Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulæ, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.

Bachelor of Science

A Bachelor of Science (B.S., B.Sc. or BSc; less commonly, S.B. or Sc.B. from the Latin Scientiæ Baccalaureus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years (see below).

Behavior

Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Behavior can be conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

Binomial nomenclature

The formal system of naming species is called binominal nomenclature (especially in zoological circles), binary nomenclature (especially in botanical circles), or the binomial classification system. The essence of it is that each species name is in (modern scientific) Latin and has two parts, so that it is popularly known as the Latin name of the species, although this terminology is avoided by biologists and philologists, who prefer the term scientific name. Instead of using the full seven-category system (kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species) in naming an organism, Karl von Linne chose to use a two-word naming system. He adopted the binominal nomenclature scheme, using only the genus name and the specific name or epithet which together form the species name. For example, humans belong to genus Homo and their specific name is sapiens. Humans as a species are thus classified as Homo sapiens. The first letter of the first name, the genus, is always capitalized, while that of the second is not, even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place. Conventionally, all names of genera and lower taxa are always italicised, while family names and higher taxa are printed in plain text. Species can be divided into a further rank, giving rise to a trinomial name or trinomen for a subspecies.

BioCode

The Nomenclature Codes (or the "Codes of nomenclature") are the various rulebooks that govern biological nomenclature, each in their own area. To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to families, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one Code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.

Bioastronomy

Astrobiology (other terms have been exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy) is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. This interdisciplinary field encompasses the search for habitable environments in our Solar System and habitable planets outside our Solar System, the search for evidence of prebiotic chemistry, life on Mars and other bodies in our Solar System, laboratory and field research into the origins and early evolution of life on Earth, and studies of the potential for life to adapt to challenges on Earth and in outer space.^[2]

Bioengineering

Biological Engineering or bioengineering (including biological systems engineering) is the application of engineering principles to address challenges in the fields of biology and medicine. Biological engineering applies principles to the full spectrum of living systems, including molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, protein chemistry, cytology, immunology, neurobiology and neuroscience. As a study, it encompasses biomedical engineering and it is related to biotechnology. It deals with disciplines of product design, sustainability and analysis to improve and focus utilization of biological systems.

Biogenesis

Biogenesis is the process of lifeforms producing other lifeforms, e.g. a spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders. It may also refer to biochemical processes of production in living organisms.

Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the application of information technology and computer science to the field of molecular biology. The term bioinformatics was coined by Paulien Hogeweg in 1979 for the study of informatic processes in biotic systems. Its primary use since at least the late 1980s has been in genomics and genetics, particularly in those areas of genomics involving large-scale DNA sequencing. Bioinformatics now entails the creation and advancement of databases, algorithms, computational and statistical techniques, and theory to solve formal and practical problems arising from the management and analysis of biological data. Over the past few decades rapid developments in genomic and other molecular research technologies and developments in information technologies have combined to produce a tremendous amount of information related to molecular biology. It is the name given to these mathematical and computing approaches used to glean understanding of biological processes. Common activities in bioinformatics include mapping and analyzing DNA and protein sequences, aligning different DNA and protein sequences to compare them and creating and viewing 3-D models of protein structures.

Biological dispersal

Biological dispersal refers to a species movement away from an existing population or away from the parent organism. Through simply moving from one habitat patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness, but also for population dynamics, population genetics, and species distribution.^[1][2][3] Understanding dispersal and the consequences on an ecosystem level requires understanding on the type of dispersal, the dispersal range of a given species, and the dispersal mechanisms involved.

Biological organisation

Biological organisation, or the hierarchy of life, is the hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach.^[1] The traditional hierarchy, as detailed below, extends from atoms (or lower) to biospheres. The higher levels of this scheme are often referred to as ecological organisation.

Biological tissue

Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.

Biologist

A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of life. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment. Biologists involved in basic research attempt to discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work. Biologist involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes.