Astronomy

Ångstrom, 61 Cygni, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Active galactic nuclei, Active galaxy, Age of the Universe, Al-Battani, Al-Birjandi, Alexis Claude Clairaut, Ali Qushji, Ali ibn Ridwan, Amateur astronomy, Amateur telescope making, Amplitude, Analog computer, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Andromeda Galaxy, Andromeda galaxy, Anthropology, Antikythera mechanism, Apparent magnitude, Archaeoastronomy, Archaeology, Asteroid, Asteroid belt, Astrobiology, Astrochemistry, Astrodynamics, Astrogeology, Astrology, Astrology and astronomy, Astrometry, Astronomer, Astronomical object, Astronomy (disambiguation), Astronomy Camp, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy in medieval Islam, Astroparticle physics, Astrophotography, Astrophysics, Astrophysics Data System, Atmosphere, Atmosphere of Mars, Atmospheric Cherenkov telescope, Aurora (astronomy), Axial tilt, Babylonian astronomy, Barred spiral galaxy, Big Bang, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big bang, Black body radiation, Black hole, Blackbody radiation, Blazar, Book of Fixed Stars, Bremsstrahlung radiation, CNO cycle, COBE, Calendar, Celestial dynamics, Celestial mechanics, Celestial navigation, Charge-coupled devices, Chemical, Chemistry, Chinese astronomy, Chromosphere, Circumstellar disk, Clusters of galaxies, Comet, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Computation, Constellation, Convection zone, Corona, Cosmic distance ladder, Cosmic inflation, Cosmic microwave background radiation, Cosmic ray, Cosmic ray spallation, Cosmochemistry, Cosmogony, Crab Nebula, Dark energy, Dark matter, Dark matter halo, Dark nebula, Deep-sky object, Digital object identifier, Dust devil, Dwarf planet, Dwarf star, Earth, Earth's atmosphere, Earth's magnetic field, Electromagnetic radiation, Electromagnetic spectrum, Electron, Ellipse, Elliptical galaxies, Elliptical galaxy, Ephemeris, Erosion, Exoplanetology, Expanding universe, Extragalactic Distance Scale, Extragalactic astronomy, Extrasolar planet, Extraterrestrial life, Extremely large telescope, Fecund universes, Fermi paradox, Fine-tuned universe, Flatness problem, Frank Shu, Frederik de Wit, Friedrich Bessel, GALLEX, Galactic astronomy, Galactic spheroid, Galaxy, Galaxy filament, Galaxy formation and evolution, Galaxy groups and clusters, Galaxy morphological classification, Galileo, Galileo Galilei, Gamma-ray, Gamma-ray astronomy, Gamma-ray burst, Gamma ray astronomy, Gas giant, General relativity, Giant impact hypothesis, Globular cluster, Gran Telescopio Canarias, Gravitation, Gravitational collapse, Gravitational lens, Gravitational wave, Gravitational wave astronomy, Gravitational wave detector, Gravitational waves, Gravity, Great Zimbabwe, Greek astronomy, Gustav Kirchhoff, H II region, Heliocentric model, Heliopause, Helium, Hipparchus, History of astronomy, Hubble's law, Hubble Space Telescope, Hydrogen, Impact crater, Indian astronomy, Information, Infrared, Infrared astronomy, Initial mass function, International Astronomical Union, International Standard Book Number, International Year of Astronomy, Interstellar dust, Interstellar gas, Interstellar medium, Irregular galaxy, Isaac Newton, Isotope, Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Jeans length, Johannes Kepler, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Joseph von Fraunhofer, Jupiter, Kamioka Observatory, Karl Guthe Jansky, Keck Observatory, Kelvin, Kuiper Belt, LIGO, Lambda-CDM model, Large-scale structure, Large-scale structure of the cosmos, Large Binocular Telescope, Leonhard Euler, Light, List of Arabic star names, List of astronomy acronyms, List of optical telescopes, Little Ice Age, Local Group, Lunar eclipses, Magnetic field, Magnetosphere, Main-sequence star, Maragheh observatory, Mars, Mass, Mathematical model, Matter, Mauna Kea, Maunder minimum, Maya civilization, Mercury (planet), Metallicity, Meteorology, Metric expansion of space, Middle Ages, Milky Way, Molecular cloud, Motion (physics), Mz3, NASA, NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, Nanometre, Natural satellite, Near-Earth object, Near-infrared, Near-ultraviolet, Nebula, Neptune, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Neutrino detector, Neutrino observatory, Neutron star, New Mexico, Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, Nicolaus Copernicus, Nordtvedt effect, Nuclear fission, Nuclear fusion, Nucleocosmochronology, Nucleosynthesis, Numerical analysis, OB star, Observational astronomy, Observatory, One-Mile Telescope, Oort Cloud, Open cluster, Optical astronomy, Optical telescope, Outline of astronomy, Parallax, Persian Empire, Perturbation theory, Phase (waves), Phenomena, Phenomenon, Photography, Photon, Photosphere, Physical cosmology, Physics, Pierre Simon Laplace, Planet, Planetary differentiation, Planetary geology, Planetary nebula, Planetary science, Polytrope, Population II, Population III stars, Project Gutenberg, Proper motion, Protoplanetary disk, Protostar, PubMed Identifier, Pulsar, Quantum fluctuation, Quasar, R-process, Radial velocity, Radiation pressure, Radiation zone, Radio, Radio astronomy, Radio galaxy, Radio telescope, Radio wave, Randomness, Red giant, Reflecting telescope, Reionization, Renaissance, Rockets, S-process, SAGE (ruSsian American Gallium Experiment), SN 1006, Saros cycle, Saturn, Science, Seyfert galaxy, Solar System, Solar system, Solar wind, Space exploration, Space science, Spectral line, Spectroscope, Spectroscopy, Spiral galaxy, Star, Star cluster, Star formation, Star system, Stellafane, Stellar astronomy, Stellar class, Stellar dynamics, Stellar evolution, Stellar nucleosynthesis, Stellar population, Stellar wobble, Stonehenge, String theory, Subaru Telescope, Sun, Sunspot, Sunspot cycle, Supercluster, Supermassive black hole, Supernova, Supernova nucleosynthesis, Supernova remnant, Synchrotron emission, Synchrotron radiation, TRACE, Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Telescope, Temperature, Terrestrial planet, The Big Bang, The Moon, Thebit, Theoretical astronomy, Thorium, Three body problem, Tidal acceleration, Timbuktu, Tornado, UN, UNESCO, Ultimate fate of the universe, Ultraviolet, Ultraviolet astronomy, Universe, Unsolved problems in physics, Uranium, Uranus, Van Allen radiation belt, Variable star, Venus, Very Large Array, Void (astronomy), Volcanism, W. M. Keck Observatory, Wave, Wavelength, White dwarf, William Herschel, X-ray astronomy, X-ray binaries,

The ångström or angstrom (symbol Å) (pronounced /ˈɔːŋstrəm/; Swedish: IPA: [ˈɔŋstrˈøm]) is an internationally recognized unit of length equal to 0.1 nanometre or 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ metres. It is named after Anders Jonas Ångström. Although accepted for use, it is not formally defined within the International System of Units (SI).

Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī

Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī (1029–1087), Latinized as Arzachel, was a leading Arab mathematician and the foremost astronomer of his time. He lived in Toledo in Castile, Al-Andalus (now Spain).

Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi

'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Persian: عبدالرحمن صوفی; December 7, 903 – May 25, 986) was a Persian astronomer also known as 'Abd ar-Rahman as-Sufi, or 'Abd al-Rahman Abu al-Husayn, 'Abdul Rahman Sufi, 'Abdurrahman Sufi and known in the west as Azophi; the lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet 12621 Alsufi are named after him. Al-Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964, describing much of his work, both in textual descriptions and pictures.

Abu Rayhan Biruni

Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Bīrūnī (Arabic: ابوریحان محمد بن احمد بیرونی‎), often known as Alberuni, Al Beruni or variants, (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm (now in Uzbekistan), died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni, today's Afghanistan) was a Persian scholar and polymath of the 11th century.^[1][2]

Active galactic nuclei

An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy which has a much higher than normal luminosity over some or all of the electromagnetic spectrum (in the radio, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and/or gamma ray wavebands). A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. The radiation from AGN is believed to be a result of accretion of mass by the supermassive black hole at the centre of the host galaxy. AGN are the most luminous persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe, and as such can be used as a means of discovering distant objects; their evolution as a function of cosmic time also provides constraints on cosmological models.

Active galaxy

An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy which has a much higher than normal luminosity over some or all of the electromagnetic spectrum (in the radio, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and/or gamma ray wavebands). A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. The radiation from AGN is believed to be a result of accretion of mass by the supermassive black hole at the centre of the host galaxy. AGN are the most luminous persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe, and as such can be used as a means of discovering distant objects; their evolution as a function of cosmic time also provides constraints on cosmological models.

Age of the Universe

The age of the universe is the time elapsed between the Big Bang and the present day. Current theory and observations suggest that the universe is between 13.5 and 14 billion years old.^[1] The uncertainty range has been obtained by the agreement of a number of scientific research projects. These projects included background radiation measurements and more ways to measure the expansion of the universe. Background radiation measurements give the cooling time of the universe since the Big Bang. Expansion of the universe measurements give accurate data to calculate the age of the universe.

Al-Battani

Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan ar-Raqqi al-Harrani as-Sabi al-Batani (Arabic محمد بن جابر بن سنان البتاني `Abū `Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān ar-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābi` al-Battānī c. 858, Harran – 929, Qasr al-Jiss, near Samarra) Latinized as Albategnius, Albategni or Albatenius was an Arab ^[1] astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician, born in Harran near Urfa, which is now in Turkey. His epithet as-Sabi suggests that among his ancestry were members of the Sabian sect who worshipped the stars; however, his full name affirms that he was Muslim.^[2]

Ali Qushji

Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed known as Ali Qushji or Ali Kuscu(?, 1403 – 16 December 1474) was an astronomer, mathematician, physicist and scientist. He is best known for his development of an astronomical physics independent from natural philosophy and for providing empirical evidence for the Earth's motion in his treatise, Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy, in addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work Zij-i-Sultani and his efforts in founding Sahn-ı Seman University which is one of the first Ottoman universities.

Amateur astronomy

Amateur astronomy, also called backyard astronomy, is a hobby whose participants enjoy watching the night sky (and the day sky too, for sunspots, eclipses, etc.), and the plethora of objects found in it, mainly with portable telescopes and binoculars. Even though scientific research is not their main goal, many amateur astronomers make a contribution to astronomy by monitoring variable stars, tracking asteroids and discovering transient objects, such as comets. Such efforts are one of the relatively few ways interested amateurs can still make useful contributions to scientific knowledge.

Amateur telescope making

The field of amateur telescope making is considered an offshoot of the amateur astronomy community. Amateur telescope makers (sometimes called ATMs), as their name implies, are not paid professionals. They build their telescopes for the enjoyment of the hobby, or so they can make a personal contribution to the field of astronomy.

Amplitude

Amplitude is the magnitude of change in the oscillating variable, with each oscillation, within an oscillating system. For instance, sound waves are oscillations in atmospheric pressure and their amplitudes are proportional to the change in pressure during one oscillation. If the variable undergoes regular oscillations, and a graph of the system is drawn with the oscillating variable as the vertical axis and time as the horizontal axis, the amplitude is visually represented by the vertical distance between the extrema of the curve.

Analog computer

An analog computer (spelled analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical,^[1] mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. In contrast, digital computers represent varying quantities incrementally, as their numerical values change.

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC^[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia.^[2] Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.^[3]

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece is the civilisation belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries, at first under Athenian leadership successfully repelling the military threat of Persian invasion. The Athenian Golden Age ends with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic (c. 9th–6th centuries BC), Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC–6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine ("common") or Biblical Greek, and its late period mutates imperceptibly into Medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earlier form it closely resembles Classical Greek. Prior to the Koine period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several regional dialects.

Andromeda Galaxy

The Andromeda Galaxy (pronounced /ænˈdrɒmədə/, also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts) is a spiral galaxy approximately 2,500,000 light-years (1.58×10¹¹ AU) away^[4] in the constellation Andromeda. It is the nearest spiral galaxy to our own, the Milky Way. As it is visible as a faint smudge on a moonless night, it is one of the farthest objects visible to the naked eye, and can be seen even from urban areas with binoculars. It is named after the princess Andromeda (Greek: Ανδρομέδη – Andromédē) in Greek mythology. Andromeda is the largest galaxy of the Local Group, which consists of the Andromeda Galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy, the Triangulum Galaxy, and about 30 other smaller galaxies. Although the largest, Andromeda may not be the most massive, as recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and may be the most massive in the grouping.^[9] The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains one trillion (10¹²) stars,^[10] several times more than the number of stars in our own galaxy, which is estimated to be c. 200-400 billion.^[11]

Andromeda galaxy

The Andromeda Galaxy (pronounced /ænˈdrɒmədə/, also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts) is a spiral galaxy approximately 2,500,000 light-years (1.58×10¹¹ AU) away^[4] in the constellation Andromeda. It is the nearest spiral galaxy to our own, the Milky Way. As it is visible as a faint smudge on a moonless night, it is one of the farthest objects visible to the naked eye, and can be seen even from urban areas with binoculars. It is named after the princess Andromeda (Greek: Ανδρομέδη – Andromédē) in Greek mythology. Andromeda is the largest galaxy of the Local Group, which consists of the Andromeda Galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy, the Triangulum Galaxy, and about 30 other smaller galaxies. Although the largest, Andromeda may not be the most massive, as recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and may be the most massive in the grouping.^[9] The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains one trillion (10¹²) stars,^[10] several times more than the number of stars in our own galaxy, which is estimated to be c. 200-400 billion.^[11]

Antikythera mechanism

The Antikythera mechanism (pronounced /ˌæntɪkɪˈθɪərə/ AN-ti-ki-THEER-ə), is an ancient mechanical calculator (also described as the first known mechanical computer)^[1][2] designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was recovered in 1900–01 from the Antikythera wreck,^[3] but its complexity and significance were not understood until decades later. It is now thought to have been built about 150–100 BC. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.^[4]

Apparent magnitude

The apparent magnitude (m) of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, normalized to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere. The brighter the object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude.

Archaeoastronomy

Archaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the study of how past people "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used phenomena in the sky and what role the sky played in their cultures."^[1] Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient astronomy, as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers other cultures' symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky.^[2][3] It is often twinned with ethnoastronomy, the anthropological study of skywatching in contemporary societies. Archaeoastronomy is also closely associated with historical astronomy, the use of historical records of heavenly events to answer astronomical problems and the history of astronomy, which uses written records to evaluate past astronomical practice.

Archaeology

Archaeology (sometimes written archæology) or archeology (from Greek ἀρχαιολογία, archaiologia – ἀρχαῖος, arkhaīos, "ancient"; and -λογία, -logiā, "-logy") is the science and humanity^[1] that studies historical human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material culture and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, and landscapes. Archaeology aims to understand humankind through these humanistic endeavors.^[1] In the United States the field is commonly considered to be a subset of anthropology, along with physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology,^[2] whilst in British and European universities, archaeology is considered as a separate discipline.

Asteroid

Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, are small Solar System bodies in orbit around the Sun, especially in the inner Solar System; they are smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids. The term "asteroid" has historically been applied primarily to minor planets of the inner Solar System, as the outer Solar System was poorly known when it came into common usage. The distinction between asteroids and comets is made on visual appearance: Comets show a perceptible coma while asteroids do not.

Asteroid belt

The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets. The asteroid belt region is also termed the main belt to distinguish it from other concentrations of minor planets within the Solar System, such as the Kuiper belt and scattered disc.

Astrobiology

Astrobiology (other terms have been exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy) is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. This interdisciplinary field encompasses the search for habitable environments in our Solar System and habitable planets outside our Solar System, the search for evidence of prebiotic chemistry, life on Mars and other bodies in our Solar System, laboratory and field research into the origins and early evolution of life on Earth, and studies of the potential for life to adapt to challenges on Earth and in outer space.^[2]

Astrochemistry

Astrochemistry, the overlap of the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry, is the study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in space, and their interaction with radiation. The word astrochemistry can refer to both the Solar System, and the interstellar medium. The study of the abundance elements and isotope ratios in Solar System objects (such as meteorites), is also called cosmochemistry, and the study of interstellar atoms and molecules and their interaction with radiation is sometimes also called molecular astrophysics. The formation, atomic and chemical composition, evolution and fate of molecular gas clouds, is of special interest because it is from these clouds that solar systems form.

Astrodynamics

Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation. It is a core discipline within space mission design and control. Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbital dynamics of systems under the influence of gravity, including both spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems, planets, moons, and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbit plane changes, and interplanetary transfers, and is used by mission planners to predict the results of propulsive maneuvers. General relativity is a more exact theory than Newton's laws for calculating orbits, and is sometimes necessary for greater accuracy or in high-gravity situations (such as orbits close to the Sun).

Astrogeology

Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites.

Astrology and astronomy

Astrology and astronomy were archaically one and the same discipline (Latin: astrologia), and were only gradually recognized as separate in western 17th century philosophy (the "Age of Reason").

Astrometry

Astrometry is the branch of astronomy that relates to precise measurements and explanations of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. Although once thought of as an esoteric field with little useful application for the future,^{[citation needed]} the information obtained by astrometric measurements is now very important in contemporary research into the kinematics and physical origin of our Solar System and our Galaxy, the Milky Way.

Astronomical object

Astronomical objects are significant naturally occurring physical entities, associations or structures which current science has demonstrated to exist in outer space. The term astronomical object is sometimes used interchangeably with astronomical body. Typically an astronomical body refers to a single, cohesive structure that is bound together by gravity (and sometimes by electromagnetism). Examples include the asteroids, moons, planets and stars. Astronomical objects are gravitationally-bound structures that are associated with a position in space, but may consist of multiple independent astronomical bodies or objects. These objects range from single planets to star clusters, nebulae or entire galaxies. A comet may be described as a body, in reference to the frozen nucleus of ice and dust, or as an object, when describing the nucleus with its diffuse coma and tail. The terms astronomical objects and astronomical bodies differ from celestial objects and celestial bodies only in that the latter terms do not include the Earth^{[citation needed]}.

Astronomy Camp

Astronomy Camp is a science summer camp hosted by the University of Arizona's Alumni Association, and run by astronomer Don McCarthy. Most of the camp takes place at the Mount Lemmon Station Observatory atop Mount Lemmon, near Tucson, Arizona. On Mount Lemmon, the campers have access to a 12", 20", 40" and 60" telescope, and on the nearby Mount Bigelow site, a 61" telescope. These telescopes are used for hand-on learning of astronomy. Campers are encouraged to think up their own projects and collect the data necessary to answer their research questions. Many campers think of this camp as a life changing experience.

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astronomy and Astrophysics (abbreviated as A&A in the astronomical literature, or else Astron. Astrophys.) is a European Journal, publishing papers on theoretical, observational and instrumental astronomy and astrophysics. It was published by Springer-Verlag from 1969-2000, while EDP Sciences published the companion A&A Supplement Series. In 2000, the two journals merged, with the combined journal known simply as Astronomy and Astrophysics, and published by EDP Sciences. The journal copyright is owned by the European Southern Observatory.

Astronomy in medieval Islam

In the history of astronomy, Islamic astronomy or Arabic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (8th-13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language. These developments mostly took place in the Middle East, Central Asia, Al-Andalus, and North Africa, and later in China and India. It closely parallels the genesis of other Islamic sciences in its assimilation of foreign material and the amalgamation of the disparate elements of that material to create a science. These included Sassanid, Hellenistic and Indian works in particular, which were translated and built upon.^[1] In turn, Islamic astronomy later had a significant influence on Indian,^[2] Byzantine^[3] and European^[4] astronomy (see Latin translations of the 12th century) as well as Chinese astronomy^[5] and Malian astronomy.^[6][7]

Astroparticle physics

Astroparticle physics is that branch of particle physics that studies elementary particles of astronomical origin, and their relation to astrophysics and cosmology. It is a relatively new field of research emerging at the intersection of particle physics, astronomy, and cosmology.

Astrophotography

Astrophotography is a specialized type of photography that entails making photographs of astronomical objects in the sky such as the Moon, Sun, planets, stars, and deep sky objects such as star clusters and galaxies.