Armenia
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/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (help·info) (Armenian: Հայաստան, transliterated: Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe,[8] it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
Additional info
Ériu
In Irish mythology, Ériu (Irish pronunciation: [ˈeːrʲu]; modern Irish Éire), daughter of Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann, was the eponymous matron goddess of Ireland. Her husband was Mac Gréine (‘Son of the Sun’).[1] She was the mother of Bres by Prince Elatha of the Fomorians.‘Abdu’l-Hamid II
His Imperial Majesty, The Sultan Abdülhamid II, Emperor of the Ottomans, Caliph of the Faithful, (AKA: Abdul Hamid II or Abd Al-Hamid II Khan Ghazi), (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, Turkish: İkinci Abdülhamit) (21/22 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909. Abdülhamid II was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power, and was succeeded by Mehmed V.-stan
The suffix -stān (spelled ـستان in the Perso-Arabic script) is Persian for "place of", a cognate to Pashto -tun, and derived from the Indo-Aryan equivalent, -sthāna (pronounced [st̪ʰaːna]) (स्थान in the Devanāgarī script), a cognate Sanskrit suffix with a similar meaning. In Indo-Aryan languages, sthāna means "place", and is cognate to the Latin terms, state and status (meaning "to stand").11th Army (Soviet Union)
The 11th Army (1st formation) of the Worker's and Peasant's Red Army (RKKA) was a unit of the then newly created Soviet armed forces. It was deployed by the Bolsheviks in October 1918 as the Southern Front (see Soviet Fronts). In February 1919 it was dissolved and was again deployed in March 1919 as a subdivision of the Caspian-Caucasian Front.1965 Yerevan demonstrations
The 1965 Yerevan demonstrations were a 24 hour mass protest in Yerevan, Armenian SSR on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. It is said that this event constitutes the first step in the struggle for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide of 1915.[1] On April 24, 1965, for the first time for any such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, one million protesters held a 24-hour demonstration in front of the Opera House on the 50th anniversary of the commencement of the Armenian Genocide, and demanded that the Soviet Union government officially recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and build a memorial in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.1988 Spitak earthquake
The Spitak Earthquake (also called Leninakan Earthquake and Gyumri Earthquake) was a tremor with a magnitude of 6.9,[2] that took place on December 7, 1988 at 11:41 local time (07:41 UTC) in the Spitak region of Armenia, then part of the Soviet Union. The earthquake killed at least 25,000 people;[1] geologists and earthquake engineering experts laid the blame on the poorly built support structures of apartments and other buildings built during the "stagnation" era of Leonid Brezhnev.[3]1 E10 m²
To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions , areas between 10,000 km2 and 100,000 km2 are listed here. See also areas of other orders of magnitude.21st century
The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100.[citation needed]Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Abkhaz: Аҧсны Apsny, Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti, Russian: Абха́зия Abkhazia) is a political entity on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus whose status is disputed. It considers itself an independent state (the Republic of Abkhazia)[5][6][7][8], but this is recognised only by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Nauru,[9] and by South Ossetia and Transnistria, which are themselves in a situation similar to Abkhazia.[10].Able-bodied
Able-bodied refers, in law, to an individual's physical or mental capacity for gainful employment or military service, and it is in this sense that the term is also used regarding eligibility for payment of child support or alimony.Above mean sea level
The term above mean sea level (AMSL) refers to the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of any object, relative to the average sea level datum. AMSL is used extensively in radio (both in broadcasting and other telecommunications uses) by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach. It is also used in aviation, where all heights are recorded and reported with respect to AMSL (though also see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences.Adjara
Adjara (Georgian: აჭარა, ɑtʃʼɑrɑ (help·info)), officially the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა; ɑtʃʼɑris ɑvtʼɔnɔmiuri rɛspʼublikʼɑ (help·info)), is an autonomous republic of Georgia. Adjara is also spelt Ajara or Adzhara, and is also known as Ajaria/Adjaria/Adzharia, or as Achara. Adjara is located in the southwestern corner of Georgia, bordered by Turkey to the south and the eastern end of the Black Sea. Adjara is a home to the Adjar ethnic subgroup of Georgians.Adygea
The Republic of Adygea (English pronunciation: /ɑdəˈgeɪə/;[10] Russian: Респу́блика Адыге́я, pronounced [ɐdɨˈgʲejə]; Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик Adyge Respublik) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) enclaved within Krasnodar Krai. Its size is 7,600 km² with a population of almost 450,000. Its capital is Maykop. The direct transliteration of the republic's name is Respublika Adygeya. Other ways of transliterating the republic's name include Adygeya and Adyghea.Agarak, Syunik
Coordinates: 38°52′00″N 46°12′00″E / 38.8666667°N 46.2°E Agarak (Armenian: Ագարակ) is a city established in 1949, in Syunik province, Armenia. Located on the left bank of river Araks on the border with Iran, 9km to the south-west of Meghri. Railway station on the demolished and non-functioning branch Yerevan—Nakhichevan—Horadiz.Agriculture
Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.Agriculture in Armenia
Armenia has 2.1 million hectares of agricultural land, 72% of the country's land area. Most of this, however, are mountain pastures, and cultivable land is 480,000 hectares (452,900 hectares arable land, 27,300 hectares in orchards and vineyards), or 16% of the country's area.[1] In 2006, 46% of the work force was employed in agriculture (up from 26% in 1991), and agriculture contributed 21% of the country's GDP.[1] In 1991 Armenia imported about 65 percent of its food.[2]Airline
An airline provides air transport services for passengers or freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license. Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit.Akhuryan
Coordinates: 40°46′53″N 43°53′47″E / 40.78139°N 43.89639°E Akhuryan (Armenian: Ախուրյան; formerly, Duzk’end, Duzk’end Mets, and Duzk’yand) is a town in the Shirak Province of Armenia.Aknalich
Coordinates: 40°14′N 44°15′E / 40.233°N 44.25°E Aknalich (Armenian: Ակնալիճ; formerly, Aygerlich) is a town in the Armavir Province of Armenia. The town is situated on a lake, after which it is named, separating it from the town of Metsamor.Akunk
Akunk (Armenian: Ակունք, also Romanized as Akunk’ and Akunq; until 1935, Kirkhbulag and Ghrkhbulagh) is a town in the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. The town is on the site of a Bronze Age settlement and has a fort dating from the 6th to 4th century BCE.Alain Mikli
Alain Mikli (born Alain Miklitarian in Beirut, Lebanon on April 1, 1955) is a French designer of high-end handmade eyeglasses and accessories. Mikli's line features unique colors and shapes, and are a favorite among European celebrities and avant-garde Americans. Mikli claims his use of color is inspired by his Armenian-Lebanese heritage.Alapars
Coordinates: 40°25′17″N 44°38′05″E / 40.42139°N 44.63472°E Alapars (Armenian: Ալափարս, also Romanized as Alap’ars; formerly Aylaberk, Vardanavan, and Vardanavank) is a town in the Kotayk Province of Armenia. The town center is dominated by the Vardan Church (Vardanavank in Armenian), built in 901, that according to local legend has a drop of blood from Vartan Mamikonian, an Armenian national hero.Albania
Albania /ælˈbeɪniə/ (help·info) (Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria, Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia or Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë, pronounced [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a Mediterranean country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo[a] to the northeast, Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.Allies of World War I
The Entente Powers were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The key members of the Triple Entente were the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire. Many other countries later joined the Entente side in the war: Belgium, Serbia, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania and the United States, which were also drawn into the war.[citation needed]Alternative metal
Alternative metal is a genre of heavy metal that gained popularity in the early 1990s. Most notably, alternative metal bands are characterized by heavy guitar riffs; typically, these riffs have a pronounced experimental edge, including unconventional lyrics, odd time signatures, more syncopation than typical metal, unusual technique, a resistance to conventional approaches to heavy music and an incorporation of a wide range of influences outside of the metal music scene.[1]Amaterasu Omikami
Amaterasu (天照), Amaterasu-ōmikami (天照大神／天照大御神) or Ōhiru-menomuchi-no-kami (大日孁貴神) is a sun goddess and one of the principal Shinto deities (神 kami). Her name, Amaterasu, means literally "(that which) illuminates Heaven". She was born from the left eye of Izanagi as he purified himself in a river and went on to become the ruler of the Higher Celestial Plain (Takamagahara).American Committee for Relief in the Near East
Congress at Erzurum · Red Sunday · Tehcir Law · Labour battalionDeportation:
Centers: All the settlements at Western Armenia Camps:Deir ez-Zor · Foreign aid and relief:ACRNE · NARC
Resistance:
Zeitun · Van · Musa Dagh · Urfa · Shabin-Karahisar
Responsible parties:
Young Turks: Committee of Union and Progress (Talat · Enver · Djemal · Behaeddin Shakir) · Teskilati Mahsusa · (Reşit Bey · Cevdet Bey · Topal Osman)
Kurdish Irregulars
American University of Armenia
The American University of Armenia (AUA) is a private, nonsectarian, independent university founded in 1991 in Yerevan, Armenia. Its creation inspired in the aftermath of the 1988 Leninakan Earthquake, the university is the first Armenian institution modeled on Western-style higher education, committed to teaching, research, and service. As of 2006[update], it serves only graduate students.Anabasis (Xenophon)
Anabasis (Ἀνάβασις - Greek for "going up") is the most famous work of the Greek professional soldier and writer Xenophon.[1] The journey it narrates is his best known accomplishment and "one of the great adventures in human history," as Will Durant expressed the common assessment.[2]Ancient Greek language
Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic (c. 9th–6th centuries BC), Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC–6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine ("common") or Biblical Greek, and its late period mutates imperceptibly into Medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earlier form it closely resembles Classical Greek. Prior to the Koine period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several regional dialects.Andorra
Andorra /ænˈdɒrə/ (help·info), officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra,[4] is a small country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of 468 km2 (181 sq mi) and an estimated population of 84,484 in 2008. Its capital is Andorra la Vella. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken.Ani
Ani (Armenian: Անի, Greek: Ανίον, Latin: Abnicum)[1] is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site situated in the Turkish province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey. The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the Akhurian River and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley. The Akhurian is a branch of the Araks River and forms part of the current border between Turkey and Armenia. Called the "City of 1001 Churches", it stood on various trade routes and its many religious buildings, palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world.[2][3]Ankara
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 850 metres (2,800 ft), and as of 2007 the city had a population of 4,751,360, which includes eight districts under the city's administration.[1] Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.Aparan
Aparan (Armenian: Ապարան, also known as Abaran; until 1935, Bash Aparan; formerly, Aparanbol, Aparan Verin, Aparanpol, Abaran Verin, P’araznavert, K’asakh, Kasagh, and K’asagh) is a town in Armenia, located in the Aragatsotn province, about 50 kilometers north-north-west of Yerevan. It has a mixed population of Armenians and Kurds, numbering 5,711 as of the 2001 census.[1]. The city was called Bash Aparan (Բաշ Ապարան; also Romanized as Bash Abaran, Pash Aparan, and Dash Abaron) until 1935. The inhabitants of Aparan, are known as Aparantsi (Ապարանցի).Ara Güler
Ara Güler (born August 16, 1928, Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish photojournalist of Armenian descent, nicknamed "the Eye of Istanbul" or "the Photographer of Istanbul".[1][2]Ara the Beautiful
Ara the Beautiful (also Ara the Handsome or Ara the Fair; Armenian: Արա Գեղեցիկ Ara Geghetsik) is a legendary Armenian hero. He is notable in Armenian literature for the popular legend in which he was so handsome that the Assyrian queen Semiramis waged war against Armenia just to get him.Aram Khachaturian
Aram Khachaturian (Armenian: Արամ Խաչատրյան, Aram Xačatryan; Russian: Ара́м Ильи́ч Хачатуря́н, Aram Il'ič Xačaturjan; Georgian: არამ ხაჩათურიან) (June 6, 1903 – May 1, 1978) (born in Tiflis, Russian Empire) was a Soviet-Armenian composer whose works were often influenced by Armenian folk music.Ararat, Armenia
Coordinates: 39°48′34″N 44°42′52″E / 39.80944°N 44.71444°E Ararat (Armenian: Արարատ; formerly, Davalu) is a city in Armenia in the province of Ararat, about 42 km northwest of Yerevan. The center of a building industry as well as a railway station exist here.Ararat plain
The Ararat plain (Armenian: Արարատյան դաշտավայր) is one of the largest of the Armenian Plateau, stretches west of the Sevan basin, at the foothills of the Gegham mountains. In the north the plain borders on Mount Aragats, and in the south, on Mount Ararat. The Arax River divides it into two: the northern part lies in Armenia, the southern part lies in Turkey.Archaeological site
An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record.Ardahan
Ardahan (Armenian: Արդահան, also Արտահան, Artahan; Georgian: არტაანი, არდაჰანი) is a city in northeastern Turkey, near the Georgian border.Area
Area is a quantity expressing the two-dimensional size of a defined part of a surface, typically a region bounded by a closed curve. The term surface area refers to the total area of the exposed surface of a 3-dimensional solid, such as the sum of the areas of the exposed sides of a polyhedron. Area is an important invariant in the differential geometry of surfaces.[1]Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina, pronounced [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.Argishtis I of Urartu
Argishtis I (Armenian: Արգիշտի, Argishti) was the sixth known king of the ancient Armenian kingdom of Urartu, reigning from 785 BC to 763 BC. He founded the citadel of Erebuni in 782 BC, which is the present capital of Armenia, Yerevan.Armavia
Armavia (Armenian: Արմավիա) is an airline based in Yerevan, Armenia. It operates international passenger services from Yerevan to destinations in Europe and the Asia. Its main base is Zvartnots International Airport, Yerevan.[1]Armed forces of the Russian Federation
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Вооружё́нные Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции Transliteration: Voruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii) is the Ministry of Defense subordinated military of Russia, established after the break-up of the Soviet Union. On 7 May 1992 Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Russian Ministry of Defence and placing all Soviet Armed Forces troops on the territory of the RSFSR under Russian Federation control.[1] The Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces is the President of the Russian Federation (currently Dmitry Medvedev).Armen Mkertchian
Armen Mkertchian (Armenian: Արմէն Մկրտչյան ; born October 6, 1973) is an Armenian wrestler. At the 1996 Summer Olympics he won the silver medal in the men's Freestyle Light Flyweight (-48 kg) category.Armen Nazaryan
Armen Nazarian (Armenian: Արմեն Նազարյան, Bulgarian: Армен Назарян, born March 9, 1974 in Masis, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union) is an Armenian/Bulgarian Greco Roman wrestler and a member of the Fila Hall of Fame.Armenia
Armenia /ɑrˈmiːniə/ (help·info) (Armenian: Հայաստան, transliterated: Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe,[8] it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.Armenia at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Armenia competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. Previously, Armenian athletes competed for the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Armenian Air Defense
The Armenian Air Defence is the anti-aircraft branch of the Armed Forces of Armenia. It was equipped and organized as part of the military reform program of Ter-Grigoriants.Armenian Air Force
The Armenian Air Force (Armenian: Հայաստանի Ռազմաօդային Ուժեր) is a small air arm formed by independent Armenia in 1992 in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It is organized and equipped principally to provide Armenian ground forces with tactical air support in the form of ground attack and airlift in mountainous terrain. It provided effective support during the battles with Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh region from 1992-1994, albeit without much fanfare.[1] It currently lacks air superiority fighters, but air defense is provided by MiG-29s of the Russian Air Force under a military cooperation treaty.[2] Since 2003, the Armenian government has been funding a modernization and enlargement of the air fleet.[3]Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի, Hayastaneayc’ Aṙak’elakan Ekeġec’i) is the world's oldest National Church[1][2] and is one of the most ancient Christian communities.[3] Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its official religion in 301 AD, in establishing this church. The Armenian Apostolic Church traces its origins to the missions of Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus in the 1st century.Armenian Army
The Armenian Army (Armenian: Հայկական Բանակ) is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of Armenia and consists of the ground forces responsible for the country's land-based operations. It was established in conjunction with the other components of Armenia's military on January 28, 1992, several months after the republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. The army's first head was the former deputy commander-in-chief of the Soviet Ground Forces, Norat Ter-Grigoryants.[2] In compliance with its strategic allies, Armenia has sent over 1,500 officers to be trained in Greece and Russia.[3]Armenian Border Guard
The Armenian Border Guard (Հայաստանի Սահմանի Պահակություն) is the branch of the Armed Forces of Armenia that is responsible for guarding Armenia's borders. Armenia is bordered by four countries: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Georgia.Armenian Brotherhood Church
The Armenian Brotherhood Church (also known as the Armenian Evangelical Brotherhood Church, the Armenian Brotherhood Bible Church or some other iterations) started within the Armenian Evangelical Church in the 19th century.Armenian Catholic
The Armenian Catholic Church (Armenian: Հայ Կաթողիկէ Եկեղեցի Hay Kat’oġikē Ekeġec’i) is an Eastern Catholic Church sui juris in full union with the Roman Catholic Church. It is in full communion with and accepts the authority of the Pope in Rome as regulated by Eastern canon law. Since 1749, Armenian Catholic Church is headquartered at the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate complex in Bzoummar, Lebanon.Armenian Catholic Church
The Armenian Catholic Church (Armenian: Հայ Կաթողիկէ Եկեղեցի Hay Kat’oġikē Ekeġec’i) is an Eastern Catholic Church sui juris in full union with the Roman Catholic Church. It is in full communion with and accepts the authority of the Pope in Rome as regulated by Eastern canon law. Since 1749, Armenian Catholic Church is headquartered at the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate complex in Bzoummar, Lebanon.Armenian Encyclopedia
The Armenian Encyclopedia (Armenian: Հայկական Հանրագիտարան; AE) publishing house was established in 1967 as a department of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences under the presidency of Viktor Hambardzumyan (1908-1996), co-edited by Abel Simonyan (1922-1994) and Makich Arzumanyan (1919-1988). In 1988-1999 the editor-in-chief was Konstantin Khudaverdyan (1929-1999) and since 1999 Hovhannes Aivazyan. It produced the Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (also rendered Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia; Armenian: Հայկական Սովետական Հանրագիտարան, Haykakan Sovetakan Hanragitaran, Russian: Armyanskaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya АСЭ) from 1974-1986.Armenian Evangelical Church
The Armenian Evangelical Church (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.Armenian General Benevolent Union
The Armenian General Benevolent Union abbreviated as AGBU, (Armenian: Հայկական Բարեգործական Ընդհանուր Միութիւն, Haygagan Parekordzagan Enthanour Miyutyun, French: L'Union Générale Arménienne de Bienfaisance abbreviated as UGAB, Spanish: Union General Armenia de Beneficencia abbreviated as UGAB) is a non-profit Armenian organization. It was established in Cairo, Egypt in 1906. With the onset of World War II, headquarters were moved to New York City, New York.