Archaeology

-logy, 4th millennium BC, Abd-el-latif, Academia, Adad-Nirari, Aegean civilization, Aerial survey, Aerospace, Aerospace engineering, Aesthetic, African Burial Ground National Monument, Age of Enlightenment, Agricultural engineering, Agriculture, Airplane, Al-Azhar University, Al-Maqrizi, Algonquian, Alison Wylie, Allumette Island, Ammunition, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian architecture, Ancient Greek, Ancient Near East, Ancient Rome, Ancient astronaut theory, Andes, Anthropology, Antiquarian, Applied science, Archaeoacoustics, Archaeoastronomy, Archaeobiology, Archaeobotany, Archaeological association, Archaeological context, Archaeological culture, Archaeological natural, Archaeological phase, Archaeological plan, Archaeological record, Archaeological science, Archaeological section, Archaeological site, Archaeological sub-disciplines, Archaeological survey, Archaeological theory, Archaeology, Archaeology (magazine), Archaeometry, Architectural engineering, Architecture, Area of archaeological potential, Aristocracy, Art history, Arthur Evans, Artifact (archaeology), Artificial intelligence, Audio engineering, Auger, Augustus Pitt Rivers, Austria, Automotive engineering, Backhoe, Balloon (aircraft), Battlefield archaeology, Behavior, Bet She'an, Biblical archaeology, Biochemical engineering, Biofact (archaeology), Bioinformatics, Biological anthropology, Biological engineering, Biomedical engineering, Biotechnology, Birchbark, Bomb, Broadcast engineering, Bruce Trigger, Building officials, Bureaucracy, Business informatics, Cadw, Cairo, Camera, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Central America, Ceramic engineering, Cereal, Cf., Chariots of the Gods?, Chemical engineering, Cheminformatics, Chemistry, China, Christopher Tilley, City, Civil engineering, Civilisation, Civilization, Classical antiquity, Classics, Clergy, Cognitive archaeology, Colin Renfrew, Communication technology, Community archaeology, Computational finance, Computer engineering, Computing, Construction, Construction engineering, Control engineering, Copán, Copt, Coptic language, Crete, Cryogenics, Cultural, Cultural-history archaeology, Cultural anthropology, Cultural evolution, Cultural landscape, Cultural resources management, Culture, Culture history, Cut (archaeology), Daniel J. Boorstin, Daniel Miller (anthropologist), Dating methodology (archaeology), David Hurst Thomas, Deciphering, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Dholavira, Dhul-Nun al-Misri, Digital object identifier, Direct historical approach, Domestic technology, Dump digging, Earth's magnetic field, Ecology, Edgewater Park Site, Eduard Gerhard, Educational technology, Egypt, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Egyptians, Egyptologist, Egyptology, Electrical engineering, Electrical resistivity, Electronic engineering, Electronics, Elite, Energy, Energy storage, Engineering, Engineering geology, Engineering physics, Engineering technician, Engineering technology, England, English Civil War, English Heritage, Enterprise engineering, Entertainment Engineering, Environmental Engineering Science, Environmental engineering, Environmental technology, Epigraphy, Epistemological, Erich von Däniken, Ethics, Ethnoarchaeology, Ethnohistory, Ethnology, Europe, Evolution, Excavation (archaeology), Experimental archaeology, Feature (archaeology), Feminist archaeology, Fill (archaeology), Fire protection engineering, First Nations, Fisheries science, Fishing industry, Flavio Biondo, Folk religion, Food engineering, Food technology, Functionalism (sociology), GIS in archaeology, Gender archaeology, Genetic engineering, Genetics, Geography, Geology, Geophysical survey (archaeology), Glyn Daniel, Gordon Willey, Graphics, Grave robbing, Hadrian's Wall, Harris matrix, Health, Health and safety, Health science, Heinrich Schliemann, Historic Scotland, Historical Digging, Historical archaeology, Historical particularism, History of Arab Egypt, History of archaeology, History of art, Hoe (tool), Home, Homo (genus), Homo Sapiens, Howard Carter, Human evolution, Human settlement, Humanities, Hydraulics, Hypothesis, Ian Hodder, Ibn Wahshiyya, Illicit antiquities, Indiana Jones, Indigenous peoples, Indology, Indus script, Industrial engineering, Industrial technology, Industry, Information, Information science, Information technology, Infrared, Innsbruck, Intellectual property issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH), Interdisciplinarity, International Journal of South American Archaeology - IJSA (magazine), International Standard Book Number, Internet Archaeology, Iowa, Ippolito Rosellini, Iraq war, Iron, Islamic Golden Age, Israel, Italy, J. C. Bamford, Jean François Champollion, Jewelry, Johann Joachim Winckelmann, John Lloyd Stephens, Jose de Acosta, Kennewick Man, Kevin Greene, Kiln, King Solomon's Mines, Kite, Landscape archaeology, Latin, Lewis Binford, LiDAR, Library, Linguistic anthropology, Linguistics, List of archaeological periods, List of archaeological sites sorted by country, List of archaeologists, List of prominent paleoethnobotanists, Lithic analysis, Local government, Los Angeles, Lost cities, Machine, Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology, Magnetometer, Major appliance, Maniwaki, Quebec, Manufacturing, Map, Marine engineering, Maritime archaeology, Material consideration, Materials engineering, Materials science, Maya civilization, Mechanical engineering, Mechatronics, Medical technology, Medieval archaeology, Meet the Ancestors, Mesopotamia, Metal detector, Metallurgical engineering, Michael Shanks (archaeologist), Microtechnology, Midden, Military, Military communications, Military engineering, Military technology, Military technology and equipment, Millennia, Mining, Mining engineering, Monte Alban, Morrison Island, Mortimer Wheeler, Motor vehicle, Music (archaeology), Music technology, Muskrat, Muslim historians, Nanotechnology, National Historic Preservation Act, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, Native Americans in the United States, Naval architecture, Naval engineering, Near Eastern archaeology, Network engineering, New York City, North America, Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Nuclear engineering, Nuclear technology, Nutrition, Ocean engineering, Oceania, Old World, Online Computer Library Center, Ontology engineering, Optical engineering, Ottawa, Ottawa Valley, Outline of archaeology, Ouyang Xiu, Overburden, PPG 16, Palaeocontact theory, Paleobotany, Paleoecology, Paleoethnobotany, Paleontology, Paleozoology, Palynology, Particle physics, Peru, Petroleum engineering, Pharaoh, Pharmacology, Phenomenology (philosophy), Physical anthropology, Physics, Plant, Polluter pays principle, Portable Antiquities Scheme, Post-processual archaeology, Post excavation, Postdoctoral, Postmodern, Postmodernism, Postprocessualism, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Prehistory, Prisoner of war, Processual archaeology, Provenance, Pseudoarchaeology, Pseudoscience, Qianlong, Qing dynasty, RF engineering, Radar, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Redcedar, Reflexivity, Relationship (archaeology), Relic Hunter, Repatriation, Repatriation and reburial of human remains, Rescue archaeology, Richard Colt Hoare, Routledge, Safety, Safety engineering, Sampling (statistics), Sampling bias, Sanitary engineering, Scholar-bureaucrats, Science, Scientific method, Scotland, Shen Kuo, Shovel test, Shovelbum, Siberia, Side-scan sonar, Single context recording, Sinology, Software engineering, Southwest Museum, Space technology, Speech recognition, State Historic Preservation Office, Statistics, Stela, Sterile deposit, Stone structures, Stonehenge, Stratigraphy, Structural engineering, Structure and agency, Systematics, Systems engineering, Systems theory in archaeology, Technology, Telecommunications engineering, Textile engineering, The City of Brass, The Mummy (1999 film), The Mummy (1999 movie), Thermography, Third World, Thomas Jefferson, Time Team, Tissue engineering, Tomb Raider, Tomb Raider (series), Tool, Topsoil, Traffic engineering (transportation), Training excavations, Transport, Transport engineering, Trowel, Troy, Tutankhamun, Typology (archaeology), Underwater archaeology, United Kingdom, United States, University College London, University of California Press, Urban archaeology, Valley of the Kings, Vill, Vine Deloria, Jr., Virtual artifact, Viru Valley, Visual technology, Wake Island, Wales, Weapons, Western Europe, Wikiquote, William Flinders Petrie, Writing, Xenoarchaeology, Yemen, Zooarchaeology, Zoography,

-logy is a suffix in the English language, used with words originally adapted from Ancient Greek language ending in -λογία (-logia). The earliest English examples were anglicizations of the French -logie, which was in turn inherited from the Latin -logia.^[1]

Abd-el-latif

Abd-al-latif, Abd-el-latif or Abd-ul-Latif (1162–1231), also known as al-Baghdadi (Arabic,عبداللطيف البغدادي), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.^[1]

Aegean civilization

Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. There are in fact three distinct but communicating and interacting geographic regions covered by this term: Crete, the Cyclades and the Greek mainland. Crete is associated with the Minoan civilization from the Early Bronze Age, while the Cyclades and the mainland have distinct cultures. The Cyclades converge with the mainland during the Early Helladic ("Minyan") period and with Crete in the Middle Minoan period. From ca. 1450 (Late Helladic, Late Minoan), the Greek Mycenaean civilization spreads to Crete.

Aerial survey

Aerial survey is a geomatics method of collecting information by using aerial photography or from remote sensing imagery using other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared, gamma, or ultraviolet. It can also refer to the chart or map made by analysing a region from the air. This is typically done using aeroplanes, helicopters, and in history with balloons. Aerial survey should be distinguished by satellite imagery technologies because of its better resolution, quality and atmospheric conditions. Today, aerial survey is often recognized as a synonym for aerophotogrammetry, part of photogrammetry where the camera is placed in the air. Measurements on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric technologies and methods.

Aerospace

Aerospace comprises the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space. Typically the term is used to refer to the industry that researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains vehicles moving through air and space. Aerospace is a very diverse field, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications.

Aerospace engineering

Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering behind the design, construction and science of aircraft and spacecraft. It is broken into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. The former deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere, and the latter deals with craft that operate outside of Earth's atmosphere.

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority^[1].

Agricultural engineering

Agricultural engineering is the engineering discipline that applies engineering science and technology to agricultural production and processing. Agricultural engineering combines the disciplines of animal biology, plant biology, and mechanical, civil and chemical engineering principles with a knowledge of agricultural principles. It involves a broader scope engineering in all the world then any other engineering discipline. It utilizes the knowledge of engineering for making agricultural machinery. ^[1]

Agriculture

Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.

Airplane

A fixed-wing aircraft, typically called an airplane, aeroplane or plane, is an aircraft capable of flight using forward motion that causes air to pass over its wings to generate lift. Planes include jet engine and propeller driven vehicles propelled forward by thrust, as well as unpowered aircraft (such as gliders). Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from ornithopters in which lift is generated by blades and rotary-wing aircraft in which wings move relative to the aircraft.

Al-Azhar University

Al-Azhar University (pronounced "AZ-har", Arabic: جامعة الأزهر الشريف‎; Al-ʾAzhar al-Šarīf, "the Noble Azhar") in Egypt, founded in 970~972, is the chief centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world^[1] and the world's second oldest surviving degree granting university.^[2] It is associated with Al-Azhar Mosque in Islamic Cairo. The university's mission includes the propagation of Islamic religion and culture. To this end, its Islamic scholars (ulemas) render edicts (fatwas) on disputes submitted to them from all over the Sunni Islamic world regarding proper conduct for Muslim individuals or societies (a recent example being the clarification and thus prohibition of female genital cutting). Al-Azhar also trains Egyptian government appointed preachers in proselytization (da'wa).

Al-Maqrizi

Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Maqrizi (1364 – 1442); Arabic: تقى الدين أحمد بن على بن عبد القادر بن محمد المقريزى, was an Egyptian historian more commonly known as al-Maqrizi or Makrizi. Although he was "a Mamluk-era historian and himself a Sunni, he is remarkable in this context for his unusually keen interest in the Ismaili Fatimid dynasty and its role in Egyptian history."^[1]

Algonquian

The Algonquian languages (also Algonkian; pronounced /ælˈɡɒŋkwiən/ or /ælˈɡɒŋkiən/)^[1] are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is itself a member of the Algonquian language family. The term "Algonquin" derives from the Maliseet word elakómkwik (pronounced [ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]), "they are our relatives/allies".^[2][3] Many Algonquian languages are extremely endangered today, with few native speakers, while a number have already become extinct.

Alison Wylie

Alison Wylie is a Canadian feminist philosopher of science at the University of Washington, Seattle. In her own words, Wylie describes her interests in the following:

Allumette Island

L'Isle-aux-Allumettes is a municipality in the Outaouais region, part of the Pontiac Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada. The municipality consists primarily of Allumette Island (in French Île aux Allumettes), and also includes Morrison Island, Marcotte Island, and some minor islets, all in the Ottawa River north of Pembroke, Ontario.

Ammunition

Ammunition, often informally referred to as ammo, is a generic term derived from the French language la munition which embraced all material used for war (from the Latin munire, to provide), but which in time came to refer specifically to gunpowder and artillery. The collective term for all types of ammunition is munitions. In the widest sense of the word it covers anything that can be used in combat that includes bombs, missiles, warheads, and mines (landmines, naval mines, and anti-personnel mines) – that munitions factories manufacture. The purpose of ammunition is predominantly to project force against a selected target. However, the nature of ammunition use also includes delivery or combat supporting munitions such as pyrotechnic or incendiary compounds. Since the design of the cartridge, the meaning has been transferred to the assembly of a projectile and its propellant in a single package.

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC^[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia.^[2] Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.^[3]

Ancient Egyptian architecture

The Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations which developed a vast array of diverse structures encompassing ancient Egyptian architecture. The architectural monuments, which include the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza, are among the largest and most famous.

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic (c. 9th–6th centuries BC), Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC–6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine ("common") or Biblical Greek, and its late period mutates imperceptibly into Medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earlier form it closely resembles Classical Greek. Prior to the Koine period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several regional dialects.

Ancient Near East

The Ancient Near East refers to early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media and Persia), Armenia, Anatolia (modern Turkey) and the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Cyprus). As such, it is a term widely employed in the fields of Near Eastern archaeology and ancient history. It begins with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BCE, though the date it ends varies: either covering the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region, until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE or Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, or until the conquest by the Islamic Caliphate in the 7th century CE.

Ancient astronaut theory

According to ancient astronaut theories, intelligent extraterrestrial beings (called ancient astronauts or ancient aliens) have visited Earth and this contact is connected with the origins or development of human cultures, technologies, and/or religions.

Andes

The Andes are the world's longest continental mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The range is over 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, 200 km (120 mi) to 700 km (430 mi) wide (widest between 18° to 20°S latitude), and of an average height of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft).

Antiquarian

An antiquarian or antiquary is an aficionado of antiquities or things of the past. Also, and most often in modern usage, an antiquarian is a person who deals with or collects rare and ancient "antiquarian books". More narrowly, the term is often used for those who studied history with special attention to "antiques", meaning ancient objects of art or science as physical traces of the past. Antiquarianism is usually considered to have emerged in the Middle Ages (see History of archaeology).^[1] By the 19th century, it had become transformed and bifurcated into the academic disciplines of archaeology and philology.

Archaeoacoustics

Archaeoacoustics is the discipline that explores acoustic phenomena encoded in ancient artifacts. For instance, theoretically a pot or vase could be "read" like a gramophone record or phonograph cylinder for messages from the past.

Archaeoastronomy

Archaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the study of how past people "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used phenomena in the sky and what role the sky played in their cultures."^[1] Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient astronomy, as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers other cultures' symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky.^[2][3] It is often twinned with ethnoastronomy, the anthropological study of skywatching in contemporary societies. Archaeoastronomy is also closely associated with historical astronomy, the use of historical records of heavenly events to answer astronomical problems and the history of astronomy, which uses written records to evaluate past astronomical practice.

Archaeobiology

Archaeobiology, the study of the biology of ancient times through archaeological materials, is a subspecialty of archaeology. It can be seen as a blanket term for paleobotany and animal osteology. The difference between archaeobiology and palaeontology is mainly one of date: archaeobiologists typically work with non-fossilised more recent material found at archaeological excavations. Only very rarely are archaeobiological excavations performed at sites with no sign of human presence.

Archaeobotany

Paleoethnobotany, also known as archaeobotany in European (particularly British) academic circles, is the archaeological sub-field that studies plant remains from archaeological sites. Major research themes are recovery and identification of plant remains, the use of wild plants, the origins of agriculture and domestication, and the co-evolution of human-plant interactions.

Archaeological association

Association in archaeology has more than one meaning and is confusing to the layman. Archaeology has been critiqued as a soft science with a somewhat poor standardization of terms.

Archaeological context

In archaeology, not only the context (physical location) of a discovery is a significant fact, but the formation of the context is as well. An archaeological context is an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record. The cutting of a pit or ditch in the past is a context, whilst the material filling it will be another. Multiple fills, seen as layers in archaeological section would mean multiple contexts. Structural features, natural deposits and inhumations are also contexts. By separating a site into these basic, discrete units, archaeologists are able to create a chronology for activity on a site and describe and interpret it. Artifacts in the main are not treated as contexts but belonging of them. Contexts are sometimes referred to as either positive or negative depending on whether their formation added or removed material from the archaeological record. Negative contexts are cuts. It can not be stressed too strongly how fundamentally important the concept of context is in modern archaeological practice.

Archaeological culture

In addition to its usual meaning in social science, in archaeology, the term culture is also used in reference to several related concepts unique to the discipline.

Archaeological natural

Natural in Archaeology is a term to denote a horizon in the stratigraphic record representing the point from which there is no anthropogenic activity on site and the archaeological record ends. Natural is often the underlying geological makeup of the site and is formed by geological processes. It is the goal of complete excavation to remove the entirety of the archaeological record all the way to "Natural" thus leaving only the natural deposits of pre human activity on site. Development led practice has lead impact assessment which may stipulate excavation will cease at a certain depth because the nature of the development will not disturb remains below a certain level and thus may not reach natural or sterile.

Archaeological phase

Archaeological phase and phasing refers to the logical reduction of contexts recorded during excavation to near contemporary archaeological horizons that represent a distinct "phase" of previous land use. These often but not always will be a representation of a former land surface or occupation level and all associated features that were created into or from this point in time. A simplified description of phase would be that" a phase is a view of a given Archaeological site as it would have been at time X". examples of phases that would have no associated occupation surfaces are phases of a site that have been horizontally truncated by later phases and only elements surviving of the truncated phase are those that were below ground level and the subsequent truncation at that time. Subsequent or earlier Phases are representations in changing occupation patterns and land use use over time. Phase is an extremely important concept in Archeological excavation and post excavation work. Phasing is achieved by compiling smaller groups of contexts together through the use of stratification and stratigraphic excavation into ever larger units of understanding. the terminology of these sub units or collections of contexts varies depending on practitioner but the terms; interface, sub-group, group, and feature are common. Phasing a site has a slightly different meaning to "digging in phase".Digging in phase is the process of stratigraphic removal of archaeological remains so as not to remove contexts that are earlier in time lower in the sequence before other contexts that have a latter physical stratigraphic relationship to them. Digging a site "in phase" is considered good practice and can be thought of as the process of removing the deposits on site in the reverse order they arrived. Phasing is achieved on site by many methods including intuition and experience but the main analytical tool post excavation is the Harris matrix. Phase is sometimes termed differently depending on practitioner, examples include the term period but in the main phase is universal.

Archaeological record

The archaeological record is a term used in archaeology to denote all archaeological evidence, including the physical remains of past human activities which archaeologists seek out and record in an attempt to analyze and reconstruct the past. In the main it denotes buried remains unearthed during excavation.

Archaeological section

In archaeology a section is a view in part of the archaeological sequence showing it in the vertical plane, as a cross section, and thereby illustrating its profile and stratigraphy. This may make it easier to view and interpret as it developed over time.

Archaeological site

An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record.

Archaeological sub-disciplines

As with most academic disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material, geographical or chronological focus, or other thematic concern. In addition, certain civilizations have attracted so much attention that their study has been specifically named. These sub-disciplines include Assyriology (Mesopotamia), Phoeniciology (Phoenicia), Classical archaeology (Greece and Rome), and Egyptology (Egypt).

Archaeological survey

Archaeological field survey is the methodological process by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists) collect information about the location, distribution and organization of past human cultures across a large area (e.g. typically in excess of one hectare, and quite often in excess of many km²). It may be: (a) intrusive or non-intrusive, depending on the needs of the survey team (and the risk of destroying archaeological evidence if intrusive methods are used) and; (b) extensive or intensive depending on the types of research questions being asked of the landscape in question. Surveys can be a practical way to decide whether or not to carry out an excavation (as a way of recording the basic details of a possible site) and may also be ends in themselves, as they produce important information about past human activities in a regional context.

Archaeological theory

Archaeological theory covers the debates over the practice of archaeology and the interpretation of archaeological results. There is no single theory of archaeology, and even definitions are disputed. Until the mid-20th century and the introduction of technology, there was a general consensus that archaeology was closely related to both history and anthropology. Since then, elements of other disciplines such as geology, physics, chemistry, biology, metallurgy, engineering, medicine, etc, have found an overlap, resulting in a need to revisit the fundamental ideas behind archaeology.

Archaeology

Archaeology (sometimes written archæology) or archeology (from Greek ἀρχαιολογία, archaiologia – ἀρχαῖος, arkhaīos, "ancient"; and -λογία, -logiā, "-logy") is the science and humanity^[1] that studies historical human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material culture and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, and landscapes. Archaeology aims to understand humankind through these humanistic endeavors.^[1] In the United States the field is commonly considered to be a subset of anthropology, along with physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology,^[2] whilst in British and European universities, archaeology is considered as a separate discipline.

Archaeology (magazine)

Archaeology is a bimonthly mainstream magazine about archaeology, published by the Archaeological Institute of America; the editors estimate that less than one-half of one percent of their readers are professional archaeologists. The magazine was launched in 1948, and is published six times a year. As of 2008^[update], it is read by about 730,000.^[1]