Anthropology

École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Émile Durkheim, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī, Acculturation, Adam František Kollár, Age of Enlightenment, Ahistoricism, Alfred Kroeber, Algerian War of Independence, American Anthropological Association, American Anthropologist, American Museum of Natural History, Anatomy, Ancient Greek, Ancient Rome, Andaman Islands, Animism, Année Sociologique, Anthropological Index Online, Anthropological linguistics, Anthropology, Anthropology (disambiguation), Anthropology of religion, Anthrozoology, Antonio Gramsci, Applied anthropology, Archaeology, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, Art, Art history, Artifact (archaeology), Austro-Hungarian, Authority, Biological anthropology, Biotechnology, Bronisław Malinowski, Bronze Age, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Cambridge University, Carl Jung, Celts, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Christian Science Monitor, Christianity, Classical Greece, Classical Rome, Classics, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Clifford Geertz, Cognitive linguistics, Cognitive neuroscience, Colonialism, Columbia University, Coming of Age in Samoa, Commonwealth of Nations, Comparative method, Cross-cultural comparison, Cross-cultural studies, Cultural Anthropology, Cultural anthropology, Cultural diffusionism, Cultural relativism, Cultural studies, Culture, Culture regions, Current Anthropology, Cyclopaedia, Das Kapital, David Schneider (anthropologist), Demographics, Derrida, Descriptive linguistics, Diffusionism, Discourse analysis, E. B. Tylor, Ecological anthropology, Economic anthropology, Economics, Edmund Leach, Edward Burnett Tylor, Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, Edward Sapir, Edward Tylor, Egyptology, Epistemological, Eric Wolf, Ethnic studies, Ethnicity, Ethnography, Ethnolinguistics, Ethnology, Etymology, Europe, Europe and the People Without History, Evolution, Exploration, Family, Fernand Braudel, Fieldwork, First European colonization wave (15th century–19th century), Folklore, Forensic Anthropology, Fossil collecting, Françoise Héritier, Frank Hamilton Cushing, Frankfurt School, Franz Boas, Functionalism (sociology), Gender, Genetics, Genocide, Geological Survey of Canada, Geology, George Dalton, George Marcus, George Mercer Dawson, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Germanic peoples, Germany, Global studies, Globalization, Glossolalia, Government agency, Gravettian, Greece, Guayaki, Headhunting, Hegemony, Heidegger, Henri Hubert, Herodotus, Historical linguistics, History, History of Anthropology, History of anthropology, Holism, Holistic, Homo floresienses, Homo sapiens, Human, Human evolution, Human geography, Human universal, Humanities, Ibn Khaldun, Immanuel Kant, Indian subcontinent, Indo-European languages, Industrial society, Infanticide, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Interwar period, Iroquois, Italy, Jack Goody, James Clifford, James Frazer, Jesuit, Johann Gottfried Herder, John Wesley Powell, John of Plano Carpini, Julian Steward, Jurisprudence, Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi, Kinship, Kinship and descent, Lacan, Language, Leadership, Legal anthropology, Leslie White, Levallois, Lewis Henry Morgan, Linguistic anthropology, Linguistics, Literature, Madison Grant, Man's inhumanity to man, Manchester School (anthropology), Manchester University, Marc Augé, Marcel Griaule, Marcel Mauss, Marco Polo, Margaret Mead, Marriage, Marshall Sahlins, Marvin Harris, Marxism, Mary Douglas, Material culture, Maurice Godelier, Max Gluckman, Media anthropology, Medical anthropology, Medicine, Mediterranean Basin, Memetics, Mexico, Meyer Fortes, Michel Foucault, Michel Leiris, Middle East, Missionary, Mongols, Mousterian, Musée de l'Homme, Museology, Music, Music theory, Muslim world, Mutilation, Narrative, Native Americans in the United States, Natural history, Natural science, Natural sciences, Neolithic, Neutrality (philosophy), New Guinea, New York, Nietzsche, Norway, Nur Yalman, Objectivity, Office of Strategic Services, Office of War Information, Oldowan, Olduwan, Ottoman empire, Outline of anthropology, Paleolithic, Paleontology, Paraguay, Participant observation, Paul Rivet, Persian people, Philology, Philosophical anthropology, Philosophy, Physical anthropology, Physics, Pierre Bourdieu, Pierre Clastres, Portugal, Positivist, Postcolonialism, Postmodernism, Pragmatics, Prehistoric medicine, Prehistory, Primatology, Primitivism (art movement), Project Camelot, Qualitative methods, Race (classification of human beings), Racism, Ralph Linton, Reciprocity (cultural anthropology), Religious studies, Rights of indigenous peoples, Robert Hertz, Robert Lowie, Rochester, New York, Rodney Needham, Romanticism, Rubric (academic), Ruth Benedict, Sciences, Semiotics, Sigmund Freud, Snake handling, Social Anthropology, Social anthropology, Social organization, Social relations, Social sciences, Social work, Socialization, Society, Sociolinguistics, Sociologist, Sociology, South Asia, Sovereign state, Structural functionalism, Structuralism, Surrealism, Systems theory in anthropology, Tacitus, Terrain (journal), The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, The Gift (book), The Golden Bough, Theological anthropology, Third World, Tinbergen's four questions, Torres Strait Islands, Torture, Trade, Ulf Hannerz, Unilineal evolution, United Kingdom, Urban anthropology, Vietnam War, Virtual communities, Visual anthropology, W. H. R. Rivers, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), Western world, Whirling dervishes, Wikiquote, Wikiversity, Wilhelm Dilthey, World War I, World War II, Zoology,

The École des hautes études en sciences sociales (French for "School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences"; EHESS) is a French institution for research and higher education, a Grand Établissement. Its mission is research and research training in the social sciences, including the relationship these latter maintain with the natural and life sciences. The EHESS is located in central Paris (6th arrondissement), although some of its research centers and teams are based in Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse.

Émile Durkheim

David Émile Durkheim (French pronunciation: [emil dyʁkɛm]) (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French positivist sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science.^[1]

A. R. Radcliffe-Brown

Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown-Gilerovich (born 17 January 1881 in Birmingham - died 24 October 1955 in London) was an English social anthropologist who developed the theory of Structural Functionalism, a framework that describes basic concepts relating to the social structure of primitive civilizations.

Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī

Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Bīrūnī (Arabic: ابوریحان محمد بن احمد بیرونی‎), often known as Alberuni, Al Beruni or variants, (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm (now in Uzbekistan), died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni, today's Afghanistan) was a Persian scholar and polymath of the 11th century.^[1][2]

Acculturation

Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.^[1] (Kottak 2007)

Adam František Kollár

Adam František Kollár (1718-1783) − Adam Franz Kollár in older English sources, a Slovak lower nobleman, was a historian, ethnologist, and as Imperial-Royal Court Councilor and Chief Imperial-Royal Librarian, an influential advocate of Empress Maria Theresa's Enlightened and centralist policies. His advancement of Maria Theresa's status in the Kingdom of Hungary as its apostolic ruler in 1772 was used as an argument in support of the subsequent Habsburg annexations of Galicia and Dalmatia. Kollár is also credited with coining the term ethnology and providing its first definition in 1783. Some authors see him as one of the earliest pro-Slovak, pro-Slavic, and pan-Slavic activists in the Habsburg Monarchy.

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority^[1].

Alfred Kroeber

Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876 – October 5, 1960) was one of the most influential figures in American anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century.

Algerian War of Independence

The Algerian War, or in French: Guerre d'Algérie, was a conflict between France and Algerian independence movements from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians, use of torture on both sides and counter-terrorism operations by the French Army. Effectively started by members of the National Liberation Front (FLN) on 1 November 1954 during the Toussaint Rouge ("Red All Saints' Day"), the conflict shook the French Fourth Republic's (1946–58) foundations and led to its collapse.

American Anthropological Association

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is the world's largest professional organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology. With 11,000 members, the Arlington, Virginia based association includes archaeologists, cultural anthropologists, biological (or physical) anthropologists, linguists and applied anthropologists in universities and colleges, research institutions, government agencies, museums, corporations and non-profits throughout the world. The AAA conducts the largest annual meeting of anthropologists and publishes over 20 peer-reviewed scholarly journals, available in print and online through AnthroSource. The AAA was founded in 1902.

American Anthropologist

American Anthropologist is the flagship journal of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). It is known for publishing a wide range of work in anthropology, including articles on cultural, biological and linguistic anthropology and archeology. Its first incarnation (known as the "Old Series") started in 1888 and was published by the Anthropological Society of Washington, the first anthropology association in the United States.^{[citation needed]} The "New Series" began in 1899 under an editorial board that included Franz Boas, Daniel G. Brinton, and John Wesley Powell and continues to this day.

American Museum of Natural History

The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), located in the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world. Located in park-like grounds, the Museum comprises 25 interconnected buildings that house 46 permanent exhibition halls, research laboratories, and its renowned library.

Anatomy

Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to cut up, cut open. Also from the Greek word "anatome"--ana: apart, tome: to cut-->To cut apart.) is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,^[1] through common roots in evolution.

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic (c. 9th–6th centuries BC), Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC–6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine ("common") or Biblical Greek, and its late period mutates imperceptibly into Medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earlier form it closely resembles Classical Greek. Prior to the Koine period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several regional dialects.

Andaman Islands

The Andaman Islands (Hindi: अण्डमान द्वीप समूह, pronounced [əɳɖəˈmɑːn ˈdʋiːp səˈmuːɦ] Tamil: அந்தமான் தீவுகள்) are a group of archipelagic islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. The Andaman Archipelago is an oceanic continuation of the Burmese Arakan Yoma range in the North and of the Indonesian Archipelago in the South. It includes some two hundred islands.^[1]

Animism

Animism (from Latin anima "soul, life")^[1][2] is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in other animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment.^[3] Animism may further attribute souls to abstract concepts such as words, true names or metaphors in mythology. Animism is particularly widely found in the religions of indigenous peoples,^[4] although it is also found in Shinto, and some forms of Hinduism and Neopaganism.

Année Sociologique

L'Année Sociologique is a sociology journal founded in 1898 by Émile Durkheim, who also served as its editor. It was published annually until 1925, and returned to publication as Annales Sociologiques between 1934 and 1942. After World War II it returned to publication as L'Année Sociologique and remains in publication today.

Anthropology of religion

The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.

Antonio Gramsci

Antonio Gramsci (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɡramʃi]) (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian philosopher, writer, politician and political theorist. A founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy, he was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. His writings are heavily concerned with the analysis of culture and political leadership and he is notable as a highly original thinker within the Marxist tradition. He is renowned for his concept of cultural hegemony as a means of maintaining the state in a capitalist society.

Applied anthropology

Applied anthropology refers to the application of method and theory in anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. In as much as anthropology proper comprises four sub-disciplines -- biological(aka physical), cultural, linguistic, and archaeological anthropology -- the practical application of any of these sub-disciplines may properly be designated "applied anthropology". Indeed, some practical problems may invoke all sub-disciplines. For example, a Native American community development program may involve archaeological research to determine legitimacy of water rights claims, ethnography may involve assessing the current and recent historical cultural characteristics of the community, linguistics may be applied to restoring language competence, and biological, or more specifically "medical" anthropology may be applied to determine the factors contributing to dietary deficiency diseases, etc.^[1]

Archaeology

Archaeology (sometimes written archæology) or archeology (from Greek ἀρχαιολογία, archaiologia – ἀρχαῖος, arkhaīos, "ancient"; and -λογία, -logiā, "-logy") is the science and humanity^[1] that studies historical human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material culture and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, and landscapes. Archaeology aims to understand humankind through these humanistic endeavors.^[1] In the United States the field is commonly considered to be a subset of anthropology, along with physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology,^[2] whilst in British and European universities, archaeology is considered as a separate discipline.

Argonauts of the Western Pacific

Argonauts of the Western Pacific is a 1922 book of anthropology by Bronislaw Malinowski. The book is about the Trobriand People who live on a small island chain, called the Kiriwina Islands, Northeast of Papua New Guinea. The book is part of Malinowski's trilogy on the Trobrianders; the other books include The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia (1929) and Coral Gardens and their magic (1935).

Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music, literature, film, sculpture, and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.

Art history

Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and look.^[1] This includes the "major" arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture as well as the "minor" arts of ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects.

Artifact (archaeology)

An artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human. In archaeology, an artifact is an object recovered by some archaeological endeavor, which may have a cultural interest. Examples include stone tools such as projectile points, pottery vessels, metal objects such as buttons or guns, and items of personal adornment such as jewelery and clothing. Other examples include bone that show signs of human modification, fire cracked rocks from a hearth or plant material used for food.

Authority

The word authority derives from the Latin word auctoritas meaning invention, advice, opinion, influence or commands which originate from an auctor indicating that authority originates from a master, leader or author. Essentially authority is imposed by superiors upon inferiors either by force of arms (structural authority) or by force of argument (sapiential authority). Usually authority has components of both compulsion and persuasion. For this reason, as used in Roman law authority is differentiated potestas (legal or military power) and imperium (persuasive political rank or standing).

Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology, or physical anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is technology based on biology, agriculture, food science, and medicine. Modern use of the term usually refers to genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies. However, the concept encompasses a wider range and history of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. By comparison to biotechnology, bioengineering is generally thought of as a related field with its emphasis more on mechanical and higher systems approaches to interfacing with and exploiting living things. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as:^[1]

Bronisław Malinowski

Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˌmaliˈnɔfski]; 7 April 1884 – 16 May 1942) was a Polish^[1] anthropologist, widely considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. His pioneering ethnographic fieldwork made a major contribution to the study of Melanesia and of reciprocity.

Bureau of American Ethnology

The Bureau of American Ethnology (or BAE, originally, Bureau of Ethnology) was established in 1879 by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Interior Department to the Smithsonian Institution. But from the start, the bureau's visionary founding director, John Wesley Powell, promoted a broader mission: "to organize anthropologic research in America." Under Powell, the bureau organized research intensive multi-year projects; sponsored ethnographic, archaeological and linguistic field research; initiated publications series (most notably its Annual Reports and Bulletins); and promoted the fledgling discipline of anthropology. It prepared exhibits for expositions and collected anthropological specimens for the United States National Museum. In addition, the BAE was the official repository of documents concerning American Indians collected by the various US geological surveys, especially the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region and the Geological Survey of the Territories. It developed a manuscript repository, library and illustrations section that included photographic work and the collection of photographs.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the US Department of the Interior charged with the administration and management of 55.7 million acres (87,000 sq. miles or 225,000 km²) of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans in the United States, Native American Tribes and Alaska Natives. The Bureau of Indian Affairs is one of two Bureaus under the jurisdiction of the Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs: the Bureau of Indian Affairs and The Bureau of Indian Education, which provides education services to approximately 48,000 Native Americans. Kevin Skenandore is the current Acting Director of the Bureau of Indian Education.

Cambridge University

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University, or simply Cambridge), located in the City of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, is the second oldest university in the English-speaking world and the fourth oldest in Europe. The name is sometimes abbreviated as Cantab. in post-nominals, a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge).

Carl Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (German pronunciation: [ˈkaːɐ̯l ˈgʊstaf ˈjʊŋ]; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology (also known as Jungian psychology). Jung's approach to psychology has been influential in the field of depth psychology and in countercultural movements across the globe. Jung is considered as the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth.^[1] He emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, religion and philosophy. Though not the first to analyze dreams, he has become perhaps the most well known pioneer in the field of dream analysis. Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring other areas, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts.

Centre national de la recherche scientifique

The National Center of Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique or CNRS)^[1] is the largest governmental research organization in France^[2] and the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.^[3]

Christian Science Monitor

The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) is an international newspaper published daily online, Monday through Friday, and weekly in print. It was started in 1908 by Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist. As of March 31, 2008, the print circulation was 56,083.^[1]

Classical Greece

Classical Greece was a culture that was highly advanced and which heavily influenced the cultures of Ancient Rome and still has an enduring effect on Western Civilization. Much of modern politics, artistic thought, scientific thought, literature, and philosophy derives from this ancient society. In the context of the art, architecture, and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 6^th, 5^th and 4^th centuries BCE (the most common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BCE to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE).

Classics

Classics, (also know as Classical studies) is the branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean World; especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome during Classical Antiquity (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600). Initially, study of the Classics (the period’s literature) was the principal study in the humanities. Traditionally, the Classics studied the Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Contemporary classicists may include Orientalist scholars, whose research is concerned with Eastern Mediterranean civilisations.

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Claude Lévi-Strauss (French pronunciation: [klod levi stʁos]; (28 November 1908 – 30 October 2009) ^[1][2][3] was a French anthropologist and ethnologist, and has been called the "father of modern anthropology".^[4]

Clifford Geertz

Clifford James Geertz (August 23, 1926^{[citation needed]}, San Francisco – October 30, 2006, Philadelphia) was an American anthropologist and served until his death as professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.

Colonialism

Colonialism is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Colonialism is a process whereby sovereignty over the colony is claimed by the metropole and social structure, government and economics within the territory of the colony are changed by the colonists. Colonialism is a certain set of unequal relationships, between metropole and colony and between colonists and the indigenous population.

Columbia University

Columbia University in the City of New York (commonly known as Columbia University, or simply Columbia) is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia's main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only two United States universities to have been founded under such authority. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, and is the 6th oldest in the United States—making it one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges. After the American Revolutionary War, it was briefly chartered as a state entity from 1784–1787. The university now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees.

Coming of Age in Samoa

Coming of Age in Samoa is a book by Margaret Mead based upon youth in Samoa and lightly relating to youth in America, first published in 1928. In the foreword to Coming of Age in Samoa, Mead's advisor, Franz Boas, wrote of its significance that

Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, often referred to as the Commonwealth and previously as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states, all but two of which were formerly part of the British Empire. The member states co-operate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration.^[1] These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace.^[2]