16th century

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Mona Lisa
Italian: La Gioconda, French: La Joconde
Artist Leonardo da Vinci
Year c. 1503–1506
Type Oil on poplar
Dimensions 77 cm × 53 cm (30 in × 21 in)
Location Musée du Louvre, Paris
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries: 15th century · 16th century · 17th century
Decades: 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s
1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s
Categories: Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Martin Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529)

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century lasted from 1501 to 1600.

During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored and conquered the world seas. Latin America became a Spanish colony, while Portugal became the master of the Indian Ocean.

In Europe, the Protestant Reformation gave a major blow to the authority of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic Church. European politics became dominated by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century.

In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by major popularity of the once-obscure Shiite sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior-mystics, providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority-Sunni Muslim world.

China evacuated the coastal areas, because of Japanese piracy. Japan was suffering under a severe civil war at the time.

Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great tried to reconcile the major religions by founding a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi. Akbar was convinced that no religion has the absolute truth.

Contents

  • 1 Events
    • 1.1 Undated
    • 1.2 1500–1509
    • 1.3 1510s
    • 1.4 1520s
    • 1.5 1530s
    • 1.6 1540s
    • 1.7 1550s
    • 1.8 1560s
    • 1.9 1570s
    • 1.10 1580s
    • 1.11 1590s
  • 2 Significant people
    • 2.1 Exploration
    • 2.2 Visual artists
    • 2.3 Musicians and Composers
    • 2.4 Literature
    • 2.5 Science and Philosophy
  • 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions
  • 4 See also
  • 5 References
  • 6 Decades and years

Events

Undated

1500–1509

The Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance.
Gun-wielding Ottoman Janissaries and defending Knights of Saint John at the Siege of Rhodes in 1522, from an Ottoman manuscript.
Spanish conquistadors with their Tlaxcallan allies fighting against the Otomies of Metztitlan in present day Mexico, a 16th century codex.

1510s

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.

1520s

1530s

Hans Holbein the Younger, c.1536–1537, Henry VIII, King of England and Ireland.

1540s

An old Japanese painting depicting the battle of Kawanakajima during the Warring States period (1467–1615).

1550s

Suleiman the Magnificent 1494–1566.

1560s

School of François Clouet, c. 1560–1561, Mary, Queen of Scots.

1570s

Oda Nobunaga.

1580s

George Gower, c. 1588, Queen Elizabeth I of England
Wanli Emperor

1590s

Significant people

Title page of the First Folio, 1623. Copper engraving of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout.
Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Miguel de Cervantes, c.1610
Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of Sir Thomas More, 1527, oil on wood, 74.2 x 59 cm, The Frick Collection, New York
John Calvin
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Albrecht Dürer
Miyamoto Musashi
Galileo Galilei
Niccolò Machiavelli
Baldassare Castiglione. Portrait by Raphael.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Vasco de Gama

Exploration

See also: Exploration

Visual artists

See also: Artists of the Tudor court, Renaissance painting, Italian Renaissance painting, and Renaissance sculpture

Musicians and Composers

See also: List of Baroque composers

Literature

See also: Renaissance, 16th century in literature, 16th century in poetry, Elizabethan literature, Renaissance literature, Early Modern literature, and Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature

Science and Philosophy

See also: Scientific Revolution

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Related article: List of 16th century inventions.

See also

References

  1. ^ Polybius: "The Rise Of The Roman Empire", Page 36, Penguin, 1979.
  2. ^ 16th Century Timeline (1501 t0 1600)
  3. ^ "History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages". Texas Department of State Health Services.
  4. ^ "A LIST OF NATIONAL EPIDEMICS OF PLAGUE IN ENGLAND 1348-1665". Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. http://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW. Retrieved 2009-04-25. 
  5. ^ The Sweating Sickness. Story of London.. Accessed 2009-04-25. Archived 2009-05-03.
  6. ^ Life Span of Suleiman the Magnificent 1494-1566
  7. ^ Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.

Decades and years

v • d • e
Decades and years

16th century
14th century←15th century← ↔ →17th century→18th century

1490s 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499
1500–1509 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509
1510s 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519
1520s 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529
1530s 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539
1540s 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549
1550s 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559
1560s 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569
1570s 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579
1580s 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589
1590s 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599
1600–1609 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609
v • d • e
Centuries and millennia
Millennium Century
BC
4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st
3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st
2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th
1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
AD
1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th
4th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th
Additional info - part 2
19th century
The 19th century (1801-1900) was a period in history marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the German Empire and the United States, spurring military conflicts but also advances in science and exploration.
1st millennium
The first millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1 AD, and ended on December 31, 1000, of the Julian calendar. This millennium is the beginning of the Anno Domini/Common Era for this calendar.
20th century
The Twentieth Century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. according to the Gregorian calendar, (2000 was the first century leap year since 1600).
21st century
The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100.[citation needed]
22nd century
The 22nd century is the century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It is the upcoming century, beginning on January 1, 2101 and ending on December 31, 2200.
24th century
The 24th century of the anno Domini (common) era will span the years 2301–2400 of the Gregorian calendar. Unlike most century years, the year 2400 will be a leap year, and the first century leap year since the year 2000.
2nd century
The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian/Common Era. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period
2nd century BC
The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more proper (for instance, if regarding only the Eastern Mediterranean, it would best be called part of the Hellenistic period).
2nd millennium
The 2nd millennium encompasses the High Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Early Modern Age, the age of Colonialism, industrialization, the rise of nation states, and culminates in the 20th century with the impact of science, widespread education, and universal health care and vaccinations in many nations. The centuries of expanding large-scale warfare with high-tech weaponry (of the World Wars and nuclear bombs) are offset by growing peace movements from the United Nations, the Peace Corps, religious campaigns warning against violence, plus doctors and health workers crossing borders to treat injuries and disease and the return of the Olympics as contest without combat.
35th century BC
The 35th century BC in the Near East sees the gradual transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Proto-writing enters transitional stage, developing towards writing proper. Wheeled vehicles are now known beyond Mesopotamia, having spread north of the Caucasus and to Europe.
37th century
The 37th century of the anno Domini (common) era will span the years 3601–3700 of the Gregorian calendar. It will be the seventh century of the 4th millennium.
3rd millennium
In contemporary history, the third millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 2001, and will end on December 31, 3000, of the Gregorian calendar. This is the third period of one thousand years in the Common Era.
40th century
The 40th century of the anno Domini (common) era will span the years 3901–4000 of the Gregorian calendar. It will be the tenth and last century of the 4th millennium.
6th century
The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian/Common Era. In the West this century marks the end of Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.
95 Theses
The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (Latin: Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum), commonly known as The Ninety-Five Theses, were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther protested against what he considered clerical abuses, especially in regard to indulgences.
Adriano Banchieri
Adriano Banchieri (3 September 1568 – 1634) was an Italian composer, music theorist, organist and poet of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He founded the Accademia dei Floridi in Bologna.[1]
Affair of the Placards
The Affair of the Placards (French: Affaire des Placards) was an incident in which anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris and in four major provincial cities: Blois, Rouen, Tours and Orléans, overnight during 17 October 1534. One was actually posted on the bedchamber door of King Francis I at Amboise, an affront and an alarming breach of security that left him shaken and angry. The Affaire des Placards brought an end to the conciliatory policies of Francis, who had formerly attempted to protect the Protestants from the more extreme measures of the Parlement de Paris, and also of the public entreaties for moderation of Philip Melanchthon.
Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi
Ahmad I al-Mansur (Arabic: أحمد المنصور السعدي‎, also El-Mansour Eddahbi [the Golden], Arabic: أحمد المنصور الذهبي‎; and Ahmed el-Mansour) (1549 in Fes[1] - 25 August 1603, outskirts of Fes[2][3]) was Sultan of the Saadi dynasty from 1578 to his death in 1603, the sixth and most famous of all rulers of the Saadis. He was the third son of Mohammed ash-Sheikh who became sultan of Morocco. Ahmad al-Mansur was an important figure in both Europe and Africa in the sixteenth century[4], his powerful army and strategic location made him an important power player in the late renaissance period.
Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (Arabic: أحمد بن إبراهيم ال غازي‎) (c. 1507 - February 21, 1543[1]) ("the Conqueror"[2]) was an Imam and General of Adal who invaded Ethiopia and defeated several Ethiopian emperors, wreaking much damage on that kingdom.[1] With the help of an army mainly composed of Somalis,[3] Imam Ahmad (nicknamed Gurey in Somali and Gragn in Amharic (ግራኝ Graññ), both meaning "the left-handed"), embarked on a conquest which brought three-quarters of Ethiopia under the power of the Muslim Sultanate of Adal during the Ethiopian-Adal War from 1529-43.
Akbar
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (جلال الدین محمد اکبر Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar), also known as Akbar the Great (October 15, 1542  – October 27, 1605) [1][2][4] was the third Mughal Emperor of India. He was of Timurid descent[5]; the son of Humayun, and the grandson of Babur who founded the dynasty. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of Northern India.[6]
Akbar the Great
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (جلال الدین محمد اکبر Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar), also known as Akbar the Great (October 15, 1542  – October 27, 1605) [1][2][4] was the third Mughal Emperor of India. He was of Timurid descent[5]; the son of Humayun, and the grandson of Babur who founded the dynasty. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of Northern India.[6]
Alabama
Alabama en-us-Alabama.ogg /ˌæləˈbæmə/ (help·info) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.[4]
Alfonso Fontanelli
Alfonso Fontanelli (15 February 1557 – 11 February 1622) was an Italian composer, writer, diplomat, courtier, and nobleman of the late Renaissance. He was one of the leading figures in the musically progressive Ferrara school in the late 16th century, and one of the earliest composers in the seconda pratica style at the transition to the Baroque era.
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Afonso de Albuquerque[p][n] (or d'Albuquerque - disused; Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ)]; 1453 - December 16, 1515) was a Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, a naval general officer whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian ocean. He is generally considered a world conquest military genius, given his successful strategy: he attempted to close all the Indian ocean naval passages to the Atlantic, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and to the Pacific, transforming it into a Portuguese mare clausum established over the Turkish power and their Muslim and Hindu allies.[1] He was responsible for building numerous fortresses to defend key points that he was taking and established a net of diplomatic relations. Shortly before his death he was awarded viceroy and "Duke of Goa" by king Manuel I of Portugal, being the first Portuguese duke not from the royal family, and the first Portuguese title landed overseas. For some time he was known as The Tirribil, The Great, The Caesar of the East, Lion of the Seas and as The Portuguese Mars.
Algeria
Algeria (Formal Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā’ir; ), officially the People's Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. In terms of land area, it is the largest country on the Mediterranean Sea, the second largest on the African continent[6] and the Arab world after Sudan, and the eleventh-largest country in the world.[7]
Altan Khan
Altan Khan (1507-1582; Mongolian: Алтан хан), whose given name was Anda ("Friend" in Mongolian language), was the ruler of the Tümet Mongols[1][2] and de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols. He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464-1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215-1294), who had managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the south. His name means "Golden Khan" in the Mongolian language.
Amazon River
The (Portuguese: Rio Amazonas; Spanish: Río Amazonas; pronounced /ˈæməzɒn/ (US); /ˈæməzən/ (UK)) of South America is the largest river in the world by volume, with a total river flow greater than the next eight largest rivers combined. The Amazon, which has the largest drainage basin in the world, accounts for approximately one-fifth of the world's total river flow.[1] During the wet season, parts of the Amazon exceed 190 kilometres (120 mi) in width. Because of its vast dimensions, it is sometimes called The River Sea. At no point is the Amazon crossed by bridges.[2] This is not because of its huge dimensions; in fact, for most of its length, the Amazon's width is well within the capability of modern engineers to bridge. However, the bulk of the river flows through tropical rainforest, where there are few roads and even fewer cities, so there is no need for crossings.
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (pronounced /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch Nl-Amsterdam.ogg [ɑmstərˈdɑm] (help·info)) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The city, which had a population (including suburbs) of 1.36 million on 1 January 2008, comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of around 6.7 million.
Andrea Palladio
Andrea Palladio (30 November 1508 – 19 August 1580), was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Republic of Venice. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture. All of his buildings are located in the northern Italy, but his teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture), gained him wide recognition.[1] The city of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius (Brussels, December 31, 1514 - Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.
Anglo-Spanish War (1585)
The Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England that was never formally declared. The war was punctuated by widely separated battles, and began with England's military expedition in 1585 to the Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester in support of the resistance of the Estates General to Habsburg rule.
Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (pronounced /ˈbʊlɪn/ or /bʊˈlɪn/[2]; 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.[3] Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. The daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, Anne was of more noble birth than Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's later wife, but much less than her predecessor, Catherine of Aragon. She was educated in Europe, largely as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Claude of France. She returned to England in 1522.
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻArab), Arabia, Arabistan,[1] and the Arabian subcontinent[2] is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. The area is an important part of the Middle East and plays a critically important geopolitical role because of its vast reserves of oil and natural gas.
Artists of the Tudor court
The artists of the Tudor court are the painters and limners engaged by the monarchs of England's Tudor dynasty and their courtiers between 1485 and 1603, from the reign of Henry VII to the death of Elizabeth I.
Ascanio Mayone
Ascanio Mayone (ca. 1565 – 1627) was an Neapolitan composer and harpist. He trained as a pupil of Giovanni de Macque in Naples, and worked at Santissima Annunziata there as organist from 1593 and maestro di cappella from 1621; he was also organist at the royal chapel from 1602. He published madrigals, but his main work is his two volumes of keyboard music, Capricci per sonar (1603, 1609). These contain canzonas, toccatas, variations, and arrangements of vocal pieces, many of which are distinctively Baroque rather than sixteenth century in style.
Astrakhan Khanate
The Khanate of Astrakhan (Xacitarxan: Khanate) was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan/Hajji Tarkhan is now located.
Atahualpa
Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, or Atawallpa (March 20, 1497 Cuzco – Cajamarca, July 25, 1533), was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire. He became emperor upon defeating his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease thought[who?] to be smallpox. During the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro crossed his path, captured Atahualpa, and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahualpa by garrote, ending the Inca Empire (although several successors claimed the title of Sapa Inca ("unique Inca") and led a resistance against the invading Spaniards).
Aztec
The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the late post-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.
Bâkî
Bâḳî (باقى) was the pen name (Ottoman Turkish: ﻡﺨﻠﺺ mahlas) of the Ottoman Turkish poet Mahmud Abdülbâkî (محمود عبد الباقى) (1526 – 1600). Considered one of the greatest contributors to Turkish literature, Bâkî came to be known as Sultânüş-şuarâ (سلطان الشعرا), or "Sultan of poets".
Babur
Zahir ud-din Muhammad Babur (February 23 [O.S. February 14] 1483 — January 5 [O.S. December 26 1530] 1531) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother.[1] Babur identified his lineage as Timurid and Chaghatay-Turkic, while his origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so he was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results.[2][3]
Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد‎ Baġdād, Turkish: Bağdat) (meaning: "the fair garden") is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a municipal population estimated between 5 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq[1][2] and one of the two largest in the Arab World (including Cairo).
Bahia
Bahia (Portuguese pronunciation: [baˈi.a])[1] is one of the 26 states of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast.
Baldassare Castiglione
Baldassare Castiglione, count of Novilara (December 6, 1479 – February 2, 1529)[1], was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author.[2]
Balochistan (region)
Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid, mountainous region in the Iranian plateau in Southwest Asia and South Asia; it includes part of southeastern Iran, western Pakistan, and southwestern Afghanistan. The area is named after the numerous Baloch tribes, Iranian peoples who moved into the area from the west around A.D. 1000. All natives are considered Balochi even if they do not speak the Balochi language; Pashto, Persian, Hazaragi, and Brahui languages are also spoken in the region. The southern part of Balochistan is known as Makran.
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